Photo stimulable luminescence

X-ray film has been traditionally the mainstay both of diagnostic radiology and XRD. Efforts to replace it with digital detectors, such as the photo-stimulated luminescence plate [8], have benefited both fields. There has been enormous investment in silicon-based X-ray detectors enabled by the semiconductor industry, and these are found in increasing measure in conventional X-ray diffractometers. Room temperature energy-resolving... 

The dose to which personnel is exposed can be read off the film badge by using thermoluminescence. The thulium-doped calcium sulphate phosphor can measure low doses precisely. The X-ray image in photo stimulable luminescence (PSL) can be processed digitally by stimulating the exposed phosphor with a fight source different from the actual exposure. The PSL intensity has a linear response with respect to X-ray energy. 

He-Nc laso. The red laser light (A = 633 nm) stimulates recombination, resulting in photostimulated luminescence. The intensity of the photostimulated luminescence is proportional to the X-ray dose. For each spot of the laser beam on the screen the intensity of the photo.stimulated luminescence is measured by a photomultiplier tube and stored in a computer. The X-ray photograph in the computer can be visualized on a monitor or by making a hard copy. 

In the cell suspension culture treated with the processed water, CLA chemiluminescence (Fig. 2) and aequorin luminescence (Fig. 3) reflecting the generation of superoxide and increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]c), respectively, were measured. We observed the spikes of CLA chemiluminescence in the cell suspension culture after addition of photo-catalytically processed waters, suggesting that photo-catalytic process generated or conditioned the waters enabling the stimulation of plant cells with oxidative stress. 

Increase in the aequorin luminescence was observed after treatment of the tobacco BY-2 cells with photo-catalytically processed waters (Fig. 3, left). The processed water-dependent increase in aequorin luminescence was inhibited by Tiron, a scavenger of superoxide La3+, calcium channel blocker and Al3+,abd TPC1, a known inhibitor of ROS-responsive calcium channels. These data suggest that the photochemically processed water stimulates the opening of ROS-responsive calcium channels through the action of ROS, especially superoxide.2 3... 

Diffraction of light in photonic crystals has also been used to enhance the photo-luminescent properties of fluorophores (17,99], and by loading the interstitial voids of polymer opals with highly fluorescent dyes, stimulated emission can be enhanced [134,135]. For more complex opal structures the dye must be loaded into the colloid matrix by using water-soluble dyes [136] or by modified emulsion polymerization reactions for non-water soluble dyes (137, 138]. 

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