Phosphates without additional anions, with

Cl Hydrous phosphates without additional anion 7/Dl Hydrous phosphates with additional anions... 

A Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O 8. AA. With small cations (some also with larger ones)... 

The rate of reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with phenols to produce triaryl phosphates is increased by the addition of quaternary ammonium salts and the reaction temperature can be reduced without loss of overall yield [1,2]. The analogous reaction between phenoxide anions and thiophosphoryl chloride produces aryl phosphoro-dichloridothoates [3]. As with the acylation of enolizable (3-dicarbonyl compounds (3.3.12), phosphorylation leads to the predominant formation of the E-O-phos-phoryiated derivatives [4,5]. 

Other publications postulate specific adsorption between the surface and the /3-plane. For example Barrow and Bowden [69] interpreted adsorption of anions on goethite in terms of the mentioned above four layer model. The four layers are (in order of increasing distance from the surface) surface layer (H" and OH ions), the layer of specifically adsorbed anions, the first layer of inert electrolyte counterions (analogous to the /3-layer in TLM). and diffuse layer. This model requires an additional adjustable parameter, namely, the capacitance between the surface and the layer of specifically adsorbed anions. Barrow and Bowden report 2.99 F m for phosphate and 60,000 F m ( ) for silicate. The fit in the four layer model was substantially better than with simpler models for fluoride adsorption, but for other anions equally good fit could be obtained without introducing the additional electrostatic plane. In another paper of this series the capacitance of 3-5 F was used in model calculations of phosphate adsorption on aluminum and iron oxides [92]. Similar approach was used by Venema et al. [93] who applied the 1-pK model to interpret the Cd binding by goethite. The ions were assumed to... 

PS-fc-poly(4-f-butylstyrene)]n, (PS-fi-PfBuS) star-block copolymers were prepared by anionic polymerization and sequential addition of monomers with DVB as the linking agent for the formation of the star structure [156]. The functionality of the stars ranged between 10 and 20. Selective sulfonation of PS blocks was subsequently performed using the sulphur trioxide and triethyl phosphate complex in 1,2-dichloroethane, followed by neutralization with sodium methoxide. For this reason DVB was used for the linking reaction instead of chlorosilanes, where a better control could be achieved. DVB stars are more robust and the sulfonation reaction proceeds without cleavage of the arms from the star structure. 

DFP is stable and in the absence of moisture can be stored for considerable periods without decomposition. Hydrolysis in neutral aqueous solution occurs slowly. The reaction is catalyzed by both acid and base. At pH>7, hydrolysis is proportional to the hydroxide ion concentration and at high pH is extremely rapid. The product is always diisopropyl phosphoric acid (equation 38), except under more forcing conditions which eventually produce phosphate (and propan-2-ol). The hydrolysis is strongly catalyzed by the addition of a-effect nucleophiles such as hypochlorite, peroxide, hydroxylamine, hydroxamic acid and their substituted derivatives . Under basic conditions, such nucleophiles (HOX) are present as the anion and are responsible for the rapid initial displacement of fluoride ion from DFP to give intermediate 36 shown in equation 39. Displacement of OX by hydroxide ion regenerates the catalytic OX anion. The reaction with hydrogen... 

Bark of P. taeda obtained from a pulp mill in Mississippi was milled, extracted, activated, and reacted with bisaminopropylethylenediamine (BAPED). The modification was made to increase the capacity of the bark to adsorb anions. Modified bark (0.5 to 0.7 g) in 5 mL of 40 mM tartarate buffer pH 5.0 and 10 pL laccase was mixed for 30 min at room temperature. Phloroglucinol (1 mL of 0.3 M in ethanol) or catechol (1 mL of 0.3 M) were added and incubated for 3 h at room temperature, followed by 18 h at 5°C. The particles were rinsed and recovered by filtration and freeze dried. Controls included laccase addition without substrate and untreated modified bark. The bark was tested for the ability to remove phosphate from solution. 

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