Phosphates environmental effects

Clinkering of cement has its own environmental effects. Every ton of cement generates 2 ton of CO2, one ton due to the limestone that is decomposed into calcium oxide and CO2, and the other due to burning of fuel [16]. This gas releases to the environment and hence is not controlled. Thus, the choice is between land filling for phosphate ceramics and releasing CO2 into the atmosphere without any control for cement. 

N and P compounds are probably the most important inorganic nonmetallic constituents with regard to their environmental effects such as eutrophication of surface water (lakes and rivers). Some of them are directly considered as nutrients (nitrate or phosphate), while others are nutrients precursors (ammonia, organic nitrogen and organic phosphorous). Other constituents must also be considered, such as S compounds because of specific environmental odour problems. 

The only environmental effects studied were In the experiments with PC, PVC, and UHMWPE. In these tests, four liquids were applied to the polymeric surface water, water plus three percent trlsodium phosphate, methanol, and mineral oil. These liquids reduced friction forces compared to dry sliding and prevented the Initiation of the wear track. 

Su C, Puls RW. (2004). Nitrate reduction by zerovalent iron effects of formate, oxalate, citrate, chloride, sulfate, borate, and phosphate. Environmental Science and Technology 38 2715-2720. 

Environmental effects on chemical shifts are generally smaller than the intrinsic effects discussed in previous sections. Lemer and Kearns (1980) have shown that P shifts of phosphate esters are modestly sensitive to solvent effects (Fig. 8), and Costello et al. (1976) have noted similar sensitivity of P shifts of orthophosphate, diethyl phosphate, and monoethyl orthophosphate to salt (Fig. 9). 

Figure 6.3 The effect of environmental conditions on the surface of a zinc phosphate cement (d) stable and undulating surface with no sign of crystallites observed under dry conditions, (b) crystal growth observed in an atmosphere of 100 % relative humidity, (c) extreme porosity observed in the bulk of the cement pores are 0-5 pm in diameter (Servais Cartz, 1971).

Brinkerhoff CR, Sharma RP, Boucier DR. 1981. The effects of Tn-ortho-to y Phosphate (TOTP) on the immune system of mice. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 5 368-376. 

FMC. 1980. The environmental fate and effects of aryl phosphates and phenolics in wastewaters from the production of Kronitex phosphate esters. Technical report [microfiche 0518399], FMC Corporation, Princeton, NJ, 42. 

Other substitutes were available, but a report by the New York State Environmental Protection Agency stated these were inferior to phosphate, posed an alkalinity hazard, and reduced the effectiveness of flame-retardant materials.10 Nevertheless, this did not stop the states of Indiana and New York from banning the sale of nearly all detergents containing phosphates in 1973. A number of other states, counties, and municipalities did not go this far, but limited the amount of STPP to... 

High levels of dietary zinc were associated with marked decreases in bone calcium deposition and in the apparent retention of calcium in male weanling albino rats. Marked increases in fecal calcium levels were also observed in the zinc-fed rats. Excessive dietary zinc was associated with a shifting of phosphorus excretion from the urine to the feces. This resulted in an increase in fecal phosphorus and provided an environmental condition which would increase the possibility of the formation of insoluble calcium phosphate salts and a subsequent decrease in calcium bioavailability. The adverse effect of high dietary zinc on calcium status in young rats could be alleviated and/or reversed with calcium supplements. 

The data presented in this paper indicate that excess levels (0.75%) of dietary zinc result in decreases in the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in rats and interfere with normal bone mineralization. High dietary levels of calcium or zinc appeared to cause a shift in the excretion of phosphorus from the urine to the feces, while the presence of extra phosphorus tended to keep the pathway of phosphorus excretion via the urine. The presence of large amounts of phosphorus in the Intestinal tract due to high intakes of zinc would increase the possibility of the formation of insoluble phosphate salts with various cations, including calcium, which may be present. A shift in phosphorus excretion from the feces to the urine, however, could result in an environmental condition within the system which would tend to increase the bioavailability of cations to the animal. The adverse effect of zinc toxicity on calcium and phosphorus status of young rats could be alleviated with calcium and/or phosphorus supplements. 

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