Phosphate analogues

The results of experiments obtained with phosphate analogues lead to another additional step in the kinetic scheme for the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP on F-actin or microtubules. This is described as follows ... 

The biological applications of tetrazolium salts are the subject of a textbook.96 Kuhn and Jerchel74 were the first to recognize the utility of tetrazolium salts as indicators in redox enzyme activity, particularly those of the various dehydrogenases. It has been recognized449 that this particular utility of tetrazolium salts is related to the proximity of their redox potentials to those of the hydride transfer systems in biology450 such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD, and its phosphate analogue, NADP. 

The Biochemical Action of Arsonic Acids Especially as Phosphate Analogues Henry B. F. Dixon... 

Tang, K.-C., Tropp, B.E., and Engel, R., The synthesis of phosphonic acid and phosphate analogues of glycerol-3-phosphate and related metabolites, Tetrahedron, 34, 2873, 1978. 

Vanadium is beneficial and possibly essential for humans. It is certainly essential for a number of organisms. Vanadate (oxidation state V) and its derivatives are phosphate analogues, showing both ground state and transition state analogy (both structural and electronic) with phosphorus compounds. The analogy of five-coordinate vanadium compounds with the transition state of phosphate ester hydrolysis is well documented, and explains why so many vanadium compounds are potent inhibitors of phosphatases, ribonucleases and ATPases. 

Pyridoxal Phosphate.—Analogues of pyridoxal and pyridoxamine 5 -phosphates have frequently been used to probe the size and shape of the active sites of a number of enzymes. For example, the apoenzyme of a tryptophanase from Bacillus alvei will bind pyridoxal 5 -phosphate as well as the 2-nor, 2 -methyl, 2 -hydroxy, 6-methyl, and A-oxide analogues.27 No analogue that has been modified at C-4 binds to the enzyme, confirming the absolute requirement for Schiff-base formation between the... 

Another relevant example is that of the insecticide crufomate (9.83), which, in sheep, underwent various reactions of C-oxidation, as well as hydrolysis of the C-N bond to yield phosphate analogues as urinary metabolites [148a], These phosphates accounted for almost 15% of a dose in urine, indicating that the reaction of hydrolysis was a significant one in this case. 

THE BIOCHEMICAL ACTION OF ARSONIC ACIDS ESPECIALLY AS PHOSPHATE ANALOGUES... 

The alditol phosphate analogue of D-arabinose-5-phos-phate was a 3-fold less potent inhibitor than D-erythronic acid-... 

Dixon, H.B.F. (1997) The biochemical action of arsonic acids especially as phosphate analogues. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, 44, 191-227. 

Toyoshima, C., Nomura, H., Tsuda, T., 2004, Lumenal gating mechanism revealed in calcium pump crystal structures with phosphate analogues. Nature 432, 361-368. 

VanEtten and coworkers70 have conducted a comparative study of the relative effectiveness of various phosphate analogues as inhibitors of acid phosphatases. Their results are summarized in Table 3. AH of these inhibitor ions are isostructural with the product... 

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