Phosphamidon toxicity

Khan PK, Sinha SP. 1996. Ameliorating effect of vitamin C on murine sperm toxicity induced by three pesticides (endosulfan, phosphamidon and mancozeb). Mutagenesis ll(l) 33-36. 

Phosphamidon. Phosphamidon was introduced into Canadian spruce budworm control programs in the mid-60s to reduce the adverse effects on aquatic organisms, particularly Atlantic salmon stocks, which had accompanied the use of DDT in previous programs. Its relatively low toxicity to fish led to the application of phosphamidon within buffer strips along streams and rivers inside large DDT spray blocks. These protective measures greatly reduced fish losses within DDT treated areas (20). Phosphamidon has also been shown to have only limited effects on aquatic insects (21, 22). 

Uses Phosphamidon is used as a broad-spectrum insecticide in agriculture. It is toxic both systemically and by contact, and acts through the inhibition of ChE. Phosphamidon currently is registered for use by both ground and aerial applications on vegetables, fruits, and field crops.28... 

Phosphamidon, Phosphoric acid 2-ehioro-3-ldi-ethyla mino)-I -methyl-3-oxo-1 -propen yl dimethyl ester phosphoric acid dimethyl ester, ester with 2-chloro- N, /V-diefhyI-3-hydroxycrotonamide 2 -chloro-2 -diethylearbamoyl -1 -meth -y]vinyl dimethyl phosphate Cibe 570 ENT 25515 Dime -cron. CMHwCINO,P mol wt 299.69. C 40.08%. H 6.39%, Cl 11.83%, N 4.67%, O 26.69%, P 10.33%. Prepn Beriger, Sallmann. U.S. pat. 2,908,605 (1959 10 Cibe) Anliker et at. Hetv. Chim. Acta 44, 1622 (1961). Toxicity data T. B. Gaines, Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 14, 515 (1969). 

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) may serve as common mediators in programmed cell death w apoptosis in response to many toxicants and pathological conditions. Studies have demonstrated that ROS may be involved in the cytotoxicity of widely used OP pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and fenthion. Highly toxic chlorpyrifos and fenthion are organic triesters of phosphoric acid and phosphorothioic acid and arc also lipophilic (Murphy, 1986). Neuroiransmitter systems play a key role in behavioral function and disturbances. Other OPs, such as phosphamidon, irichlorfon, and dichlor-vos, have also been reported to induce oxidative stress, both... 

Convention are no longer to be produced in China for example, the five highly toxic OP insecticides (methamidofos, parathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, and phosphamidon) are prohibited from use on fruits and vegetables. They vill be forbidden to be produced, distributed, and used on January 1, 2007. 

Monocrotophos is water soluble and is very toxic, but has a low persistence. Phosphamidon is also very toxic and should be used at least 4 weeks before harvesting, although it is rapidly decomposed within the plant. 

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