Phenylacetate growth

You may for example have suggested that the supply of other nutrients, such as ammonia and O2, may be adjusted to respond to the different needs of growth and penicillin production. You may also have suggested that precursors of specific penicillins, such as P-phenylacetic add, may be added after the growth phase is complete. You may have also considered altering physical parameters such as pH and temperature. 

The metabolism of cinnamate and w-phenylalkane carboxylates has been studied in Rhodopseudomonaspalustris (Elder et al. 1992), and for growth with the higher homologs additional CO2 was necessary. The key degradative reaction was ()-oxidation, for compounds with chain lengths of three, five, and seven carbon atoms, benzoate was formed and further metabolized, but for the even-numbered compounds with four, six, and eight carbon atoms phenylacetate was a terminal metabolite. 

Figure 1. Linear regression plot of tomato and radish seedling root growth inhibition with varying concentrations of phenyl aliphatic acids. Benzoic acid (V) phenylacetic acid (X) 3-phenyIpiropanoic acid (A) 4-phenylbutanoic acid ( ) trans-cinnamic acid (----) (1).

The outlook for patients who are treated at an early age is favorable. Affected babies are normal at birth but almost all will be impaired unless they receive dietary restriction by age 3 months. Mass screening has largely eliminated the untreated PKU phenotype of eczema, poor growth, irritability, musty odor (caused by phenylacetic acid) and tendency to self-mutilation. Progressive motor dysfunction has been described in children with longterm hyperphenylalaninemia. 

Improvements in composition of the medium - corn steep liquor as a growth promoter, substitution of lactose for glucose, and addition of phenylacetic acid. 

Phenylacetic acid and its hydroxy isomers (ortho, meta, and para) have been isolated from many plants and microorganisms (82) and have been reported to have plant growth activity. 

Deoxyphorbol-13 -G-phenylacetate-20-acetate = Epidermal growth factor... 

Naturally, a major task appears to be cellular detoxification under normal and adverse growth conditions. For example, Pdrl 2 functions in the disposal of toxic weak acid catabolites that accumulate when cells are approaching the stationary growth phase [52, 55]. Pdrl2 contributes to the export of catabolic products such as phenylacetate or other carboxylic acids derived from amino acid catabolism. In this context, Pdrl 2 may be considered as an integral part of the so-called Ehrlich pathway, in which carboxylic acids are decarboxylated to the corresponding aldehyde [55,201]. 

Ram, Z., Samid, D., Walbiidge, S., Oshiro, E.M., Viola, J.J., Tao-Cheng, J.H., Shack, S., Thibault, A., Myers, C.E. Oldfield, E.H. (1994). Cancer Res. 54 2923-2927. Growth inhibition, tumor maturation, and extended survival in experimental brain tumors in rats treated with phenylacetate. 

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