Phenothiazine photosensitizers

A further spectral sensitivity extension to the 400 nm region was achieved by extending the conjugation in phenothiazine systems through the addition of a fused aromatic ring to the parent phenothiazine ring system 

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GOM 01] Gomurasvili Z., Crivello J.V., Phenothiazine photosensitizers for photoinitiated cationic polymerization . Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1187-1197, 2001. 

GOM 02] Gomurasvili Z., Crivello J.V., Monomeric and polymeric phenothiazine photosensitizers for photoinitiated cationic polymerization . 

Phenothiazines, benzo-l,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-oxides, fluoroquinolones, nicotinic acid, and nitrofuran derivative as potentially dangerous photosensitizers 98MI11. 

Photosensitivity Because photosensitivity has been reported (rarely with thioridazine), undue exposure to the sun should be avoided during phenothiazine treatment. 

In the design of such supramolecular dyads, a number of prerequisites should to be considered. In order to obtain a true supramolecular assembly there needs to be substantial interaction between the different components of the assembly. There should, however, not be any substantial changes in the physical properties of these components, but their combination should lead to some new and novel characteristics. The combination of components should have properties over and above those of the separate components, without destroying their individual characters. Molecular dyads may, for example, contain a photosensitizer and an electron or energy donor or acceptor. An example of such a combination of a sensitizer and an electron donor is the Ru-PTZ dyad [14] shown in Figure 6.21. In this assembly, the ruthenium center is the sensitizer, S, and the phenothiazine... 

Phenothiazine [58-37-7] (thiodiphenylamine) is used orally against intestinal nematodes of ruminants and horses. It is used with occasional gastrointestinal upset, hemolytic processes, and photosensitivity. It is used routinely at low concentrations on horse farms to suppress the egg production of intestinal parasites (strongyles) and thus limit pasture contamination and transmission (4). 

The role played by the sulfoxide metabolites in the photosensitization caused by chlorpromazine and promazine is unknown. However, phenothiazine sulfoxide... 

The retinal lesions caused by direct visual sun exposure are similar to those caused by less direct ultraviolet light, as well as by mild but repeated solar interactions over many years, which occur in many of the elderly. In addition, the recent diminishing level of atmospheric ozone may add to these problems, especially in the future if its concentration continues to diminish. Moreover, numerous drugs, including phenothiazines, tetracycline, and allopurinol, are photosensitizers, which may further add to the problem in some individuals. 

Drug-induced photosensitivity reactions are divided into phototoxicity (a nonimmunologic reaction) and photoallergic reactions (an immunologic reaction). The latter form is far less common. Medications associated with photosensitivity reactions include fluoroquinolones, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, phenothiazines, antihistamines, estrogens, progestins, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, thiazide diuretics, and tricyclic antidepressants. 

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