Phenomenon based

One more experimental result, which is important for PT is as follows. Only polar liquids fill conical capillaries from both sides. We used various penetrants to fill conical defects Pion , LZh-6A , LZhT , LUM-9 etc. It was established that only the penetrants containing polar liquid as the basic liquid component (various alcohols, water and others) manifest two-side filling phenomenon. This result gives one more confirmation of the physical mechanism of the phenomenon, based on liquid film flow, because the disjoining pressure strongly depends just on the polarity of a liquid. 

Liquid crystal behavior is a genuine supramolecular phenomenon based on the existence of extended weak interactions (dipole-dipole, dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding) between molecules. For the former two to be important enough, it is usually necessary for the molecules to have anisotropic shapes, able to pack efficiently so that these weak interactions can accumulate and co-operate, so as to keep the molecules associated in a preferred orientation, but free enough to move and slide, as they are not connected by rigid bonds. 

The entrance of steroid hormones into the cells has always been assumed to be a passive phenomenon, based on its solubility in the phospholipids of the cell membrane. Nevertheless, the existence of specific fixation of steroid hormones to cell membranes has opened the possibility of their entrance into the cells mediated by proteins of the membrane (Levin 2002). Nevertheless, it has not been possible to verify that they participate in some way in the transportation of steroids to the interior of the cell (Beato et al. 1996 Beato 1989). For them, other possible extragenomic actions have been postulated such as enzymes that participate in the metabolism of hormones or even membrane receptors (Beato et al. 1996 Chirino et al. 1991 Fernandez et al. 1994 Gruber et al. 2002 Revelli et al. 1998). 

Bowonder and Kumar (B7) have proposed a model for this phenomenon based on the following assumptions ... 

Field emission is a tunneling phenomenon in solids and is quantitatively explained by quantum mechanics. Also, field emission is often used as an auxiliary technique in STM experiments (see Part II). Furthermore, field-emission spectroscopy, as a vacuum-tunneling spectroscopy method (Plummer et al., 1975a), provides information about the electronic states of the tunneling tip. Details will be discussed in Chapter 4. For an understanding of the field-emission phenomenon, the article of Good and Muller (1956) in Handhuch der Physik is still useful. The following is a simplified analysis of the field-emission phenomenon based on a semiclassical method, or the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation (see Landau and Lifshitz, 1977). 

Although in a number of cases chromatography is used in packed-bed mode, there are an increasing number of examples of the use of solid phases in fluidized-bed mode. This does not change the adsorption phenomenon based on the complementarity of the solute for the solid phase. Fluidized-bed columns are essentially used to resolve specific problems related to the feedstock, as detailed later. 

So we can hold in mind that the use of modelling research on life is a method used to analyze a phenomenon based on qualitative and quantitative cognition where only mental exercises are used. 

Experimental and theoretical studies propose a physical explanation of the mechanisms governing slippage phenomenon, based on the interaction likely to... 

Within the fluctuation-dominated region of the disordered phase of a diblock near Todt shearing can apparently induce a transition to the ordered state (Koppi et al. 1993). Cates and Milner (1989) predicted such a phenomenon, based on a shear-induced suppression of... 

Adhesion is a complex phenomenon based on a number of different mechanisms. In contrast to simple mechanical adhesion, silanes enable a sealant to bond chemically to a substrate, resulting in more durable adhesion. The bond is less susceptible to the negative effects of moisture and temperature. The nature of the substrate surface also plays an important role in achieving good adhesion. The more chemically active sites (preferably hydroxyl groups) the substrate has, the... 

Photochromism1,2 is a phenomenon based on the absorption of light of wavelength Xj by a generally uncolored compound A, which gives after isomerization a colored form B, absorbing at X2. The metastable B form reverts back to A either thermally1-3 or photochemically.4 The compound A can be used in liquid solutions or in viscous solutions such as a polymer matrix. 

Photochromism of fulgides is a molecular phenomenon based on the photocyclization of substituted bis-methylenesuccinic anhydrides or fulgides (328) to l,8 -dihydronaphthalene (l,8a-DHN, 329)2 (Scheme 33). 

Fig. 1 Relationship between PI fields, physical PI, process miniaturization, selectivity, process viability, and phenomenon-based intensification. (View this art in color at www.dekker.com.)...

There has been a growing recognition of the significance of the symmetrization postulate for nuclear spin relaxation of quantum rotors in the solid state. However, even the conventional theories of the latter phenomenon, based on the classical jump model, are specialized to such an extent that for a proper presentation of the problem a separate review should be provided. Therefore, only a brief reference will be made here to a recent paper where a consistently quantum description of the relaxation behaviour of weakly hindered CD3 rotors is reported.The relevance of the latter work to the content of the present review stems from the fact that the relaxation processes are described therein in terms of essentially the same quantum coherences as those entering the DQR theory of NMR line shapes addressed in Section 4.1. This points to a relative generality of the DQR theory. 

It was found that the apparent ion current I j decreases with an- increase in the film thickness d. A question arises as to whether the decrease in I i is an apparent phenomenon due merely to variation of potential on the probe surface or a real phenomenon based on the direct contact of polymer instead of metal with plasma. 

One could object that the preceding criterion for objective reality of a phenomenon, based on the reproducibility of an effect in other experiments, is utopian, because from the experimenter s perspective all the detectable effects are indistinguishable from the manufactured conditions of the experiment. How can we be reasonably sure that these effects are not the result of extraneous interference from external sources This objection can be overcome by exploring the problems associated with the occurrence of noise. To my knowledge, in the vast literature surrounding the realism/antirealism debate, there is no extensive study of the topic of noise. The importance of such a study is suggested next. 

The potential for a nonhnear extrapolation from human data should also be considered. Some risk assessors have argued that benzene-induced leukemia and lymphoma is a threshold phenomenon, based on mechanistic considerations, and that the human data demonstrate such a threshold (Cox and Ricci 1992 Cox 1996 Yokley et al. 2006). However, regulatory risk assessors have not yet accepted these arguments for benzene (Bailer and Hoel 1989 ERA 1998 OEHHA 2001). Considerations include the multiple genotoxic metabolites of benzene, a nonlinear production of protein and DNA adducts in humans (saturated at higher benzene doses), and the difficulty of establishing dose-response relationships at lower doses with the available animal and human data (Bailer and Hoel 1989 Henderson et al. 1992 Turteltaub and Mani 2003 Rappaport et al. 2005 Lin et al. 2007). 

The possibility of more or less accurate description of a phenomenon based on hundreds of non-accurate parameters could be considered as really surprising. As follows from formal error analysis theory, the results of kinetic modeling should be regarded as completely inconsistent. Probably there exist some deep reasons, which lead to self-consistency of complex kinetic models and allow trusting the results of simulations. 

When the experiments have been completed and the data have been recorded, the next step in the scientific method is interpretation, meaning that the scientist attempts to explain the observed phenomenon. Based on the data that were gathered, the researcher formulates a hypothesis, a tentative explanation for a set of observations. Further experiments are devised to test the validity of the hypothesis in as many ways as possible, and the process begins anew. Figure 1.3 summarizes the main steps of the research process. 

These methods are nondestructive and no dilution of the sample is required. Each of these methods is a phenomenon based on the characteristic features of gels, i.e. (1) inhomogeneity, (2, 3) connectivity divergence and (4) nonergodicity. 

An interesting phenomenon based on capillarity is the appearance of a capillary attractive force between particles of moistened solids. As a result of wetting, a meniscus is formed upon the particle contact (Fig. 1-14). This meniscus between two contacting particles of radii r0 has a shape of surface of rotation, and can be characterized at each point by the two curvature radii r, and r2 (in Fig. 1-14, a these radii are of opposite sign, i.e. r,>0 and r2<0), which are related to each other as 1/r, + /r2 = const. If r, r0, both rx and r2 may be considered to be constant. 

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