Phenol indications

A phenol peel is the deepest type of peel, the one that gives the most dramatic results but that is also the most dangerous. Its indications are precise and limited to cases that cannot be treated by other peels. If an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel can solve a skin problem, it will be chosen over a phenol peel without hesitation. The main indication for a phenol peel is severe photoaging. 

Treating wrinkles phenol plus botulinum toxin 

These usually result from excessive skin laxity. Deep folds and furrows are not a good indication for phenol. They result from intrinsic aging and can sometimes be filled before a phenol peel. There is no need for a long time interval between 

Full-face phenol (Lip Eyelid formula) (a) before and (b) 30 days after the peel. The combination of botulinum toxin and phenol work together on the forehead, crow s feet, frown lines and sometimes wrinkles on the upper lip. 

Expression lines on the forehead and between the eyebrows and crow s feet have a natural tendency to recur partially and rapidly, even after a phenol peel. A botulinum toxin injection before the peel stops expression lines imprinting themselves on the skin as it renews itself, and this combination is very satisfactory, improving results significantly. The botulinum toxin should be injected 1 week before the peel so that new collagen can be synthesized on an immobile dermis. 

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Incorporation studies have clarified the relative importance of the two routes that lead to the catechol metabolite of phenytoin, namely phenol oxidation and dihydrodiol dehydrogenation (Fig. 10.8, Reactions e and/, respectively) [80], Indeed, upon incubation of phenytoin in an 1802 atmosphere, two atoms of 180 are incorporated into the catechol when formed via phenol oxidation, but only one when formed via dihydrodiol dehydrogenation. This elegant study showed quite clearly that most of the catechol (75 10%) came from the phenol, indicating a comparatively slow dehydrogenation of the dihydrodiol. 

Recently, Allcock and coworkers have observed a geminal pathway operating in the reactions of 2,6-dichloro phenol with N3P3CI6 [73b]. They have invoked an SnI mechanism to explain the formation of geminal products. The preference of nongeminal pathway with 2,6-dimethyl phenol indicates that the steric bulk is not the factor which dictates the mechanism [73b]. However, it is difficult to ascertain a particular mechanism with the scarce literature evidence. More elaborate studies are required to unravel the pathways involved in the reactions of alcohols or phenols with halocyclophosphazenes. 

Fig. 3 Energy level scheme of phenol indicating the mechanistic differences for fs- and ns-biphotonic ionization as well as the assumed path for the monophotonic process according to [10].

It has been thought that the use of 3-methylbut-2-enal derivatives in the synthesis of chromenes was restricted to the reaction with electron rich phenols. Not so The reaction is efficiently catalysed by pyridine and 3-methylpyridine and is most successful with the more acidic phenols, indicating the need for a careful balance between acid and base catalysis (95JOC3397). 

The appearance of the o-" parameter in a large number of reactions and interactions involving X-phenols indicates that the phenoxy radical can be a potent, reactive intermediate in myriad reactions. The availability of a fast, easily retrievable computerized database to corroborate this phenomenon was useful. This approach of lateral validation was crucial in establishing a QSAR model that was not only statistically significant but also mechanistically interpretable. 

On the other hand, the amount of the complex was estimated by titration method. [4] The investigation on a variety of phenols indicated the substitution effect on the amount of the complex formed was in favor of the structure II or III. However, any affirmative supports have not been given to these structures. 

In addition to the alkylbenzenes and the phenols indicated in Table 9.1.10, traces of a series of nitrogen containing compounds were detected in the pyrolysate. These compounds obviously have a different origin than the pyrolysate of pure polymer. The list of these compounds is given in Table 9.1.11. 

Summary of Biomarker Analyses. The combination of phospholipid fatty acids, steroids, and lignin phenols indicates that the chemical makeup of raw foam includes input from bacterial, algal, diatoms, fungal, and higher plant sources. The total of these compounds account for less than 5% of the organic carbon present in raw foam, and it is not possible, therefore, to assess which is the largest source. These compounds however, do reveal interesting compositional trends between the raw foam and the stream and foam humic substances. The compositional complexity of humic substances increases from stream, to foam, to foam extract and from fulvic acids to humic acids. 

Phenol, indicating an equilibrium far over on the enol side. On the other hand, a similar calculation for anthranol-9... 

In the oxidations of neat styrene, n = 2 for a variety of phenols, indicating that the probable mechanism for inhibition is... 

Fig. 7-28. Reaction scheme for the chlorination of phenol. (] indicates odor threshold concentration (/rg/liter). From R. H. Burttschell, A. A. Rosen, F. M. Middleton, and M, B. Ettinger, "Chlorine Derivatives of Phenol Causing Taste and Odor," /. Am. Water Works Assoc., 51 205-214 (1959). Reprinted by permission of the American Water Works Association, 1959.

Phenols (phenol indices) mg/litre C H50H No specific odour <0.005 <0.05 Fortnightly b c Verification of the absence of specific odour due to phenol or absorption spectrophotometry 4-aminoantipyrine (4 AAP) method... 

A study of the rate of mutarotation of a-D-glucopyranose in DMF in the presence of both pyridine and phenols indicated that their catalytic effect is greatest when they are present in equimolar concentrations, suggesting that the catalytic... 

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