Phase-transfer catalysis stirring rates

Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Since the efficiency of the reaction requires that bisphenoi A be used in the form of water-soluble phenolate anions, while phosgene must be dissolved in a chemically inert and hence water-insoluble solvent, the desired reaction would have to depend on the diffusion rate of the two reactants to the interface between the immiscible solvents. The area of the interface can be increased by vigorous stirring of the two-phase reaction mixture, but a more efficient way to accelerate the process is to induce one of the reactants to migrate into a phase that is not particularly receptive to it. In this example, the sodium phenolate ions are in equilibrium with a phase-transfer catalyst such as tetra-n-butylammonium chloride, and while one of the products of the equilibrium (sodium chloride) remains in the aqueous phase, the other products of the equilibrium (the BPA anion-tetra-rc-butylammonium cation ion pairs) are of sufficiently covalent character to migrate into the nonaqueous phase where they encounter phosgene and the reaction takes place. 

The solvated ion pair [(C8Hi7)3NMe] [RhCl4]", formed from aqueous rhodium trichloride and Aliquat-336 in a two-phase liquid system, hydrogenates a,p-unsaturated ketones and esters selectively at the C==C double bond. The reduction of benzylideneacetone follows first-order kinetics in substrate below 0.2 M, and approaches second-order in hydrogen at partial pressures below 0.12 atm (1 atm = 101.3 kPa). The catalysis also depends on the nature of the solvent, the phase transfer catalyst and stirring rates. 

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