Phase orientation, change

Figure 5.8 shows the potential dependence of the relative phase difference between and X . The relative phase was changed by about 180° at 200 mV, which is close to the pzc for a Pt electrode in HCIO4 electrolyte solution [52,5 3]. This orientation change is most probably associated with a change in sign of the charge at the Pt surface. This clearly demonstrates that the orientation of water dipoles flips by 180° at the pzc. 

At low frequencies, the dipole moments of polymers are able to keep in phase with changes in a strong electric field, and the power losses are low. However, as the frequency is increased, the dipole moment orientation may not occur rapidly enough to maintain the dipole in phase with the electric field. 

As we move along any one of these stationary-state loci, varying rres, the number of solutions, limit cycles, and their relative orientations change, giving rise to corresponding changes in the phase portraits. It is difficult to be sure that we have ever completely counted the number of different phase portraits which occur even for a system as simple as this. Those which have been confirmed for this model (so far) are shown in Fig. 8.14. 

In this Fourier synthesis, the amplitudes IF" I are obtained from the native intensities of the new protein, and the phases a model are those of the phasing model. During the iterative process of phase improvement (Chapter 7), the phases should change from those of the model to those of the new protein or complex, revealing the desired structure. In Plate 9, we not only knew that our phasing model was similar to the unknown, but we had the added advantage of knowing that its orientation was the same. Otherwise, its phases would not have revealed the unknown structure. 

The ozonolysis of polyolefins leads to change of the structural-physical and dynamic parameters of the polymer matrix such as the degree of crystalhnity (k) density of the amorphous phase orientation factor and... 

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