Water—organic solvent phase boundaries

Koryta, J., Ion transfer across water/organic solvent phase boundaries and analytical applications, Part 1, 2, Selective El. Revs., 5, 131 (1983), 13, 133 (1991). 

Charge Transfer Kinetics at Water-Organic Solvent Phase Boundaries... 

Charge Transfer Kinetics at Water-Organic Solvent Phase Boundaries 2.3.2 Inner Layer and Potential Profile Across the ITIES... 

Samec, Z. and T. Kakiuchi (1995). Charge transfer kinetics at water-organic solvent phase boundaries. In H. Gerischer and C.W. Tobias (eds). Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering. VCH, Weinheim, pp. 297-361. 

The further work on this subject connected with the names of Beutner [3], Bon-hoefifer, Kahlweit and Strehlow [4] and Karpfen and Randles [5], was mainly devoted to equilibrium potentials at ITIES, which can be described by the Nemst equation, derived in the following way. At the water/organic solvent (immiscible with water) phase boundary (w/o), an equihbrium exists between a particular univalent cationic species I in both the phases, described by equality of electrochemical potentials. 

Because almost any diacid can be leaddy converted to the acid chloride, this reaction is quite versatile and several variations have been developed. In the interfacial polymerization method the reaction occurs at the boundary of two phases one contains a solution of the acid chloride in a water-immiscible solvent and the other is a solution of the diamine in water with an inorganic base and a surfactant (48). In the solution method, only one phase is present, which contains a solution of the diamine and diacid chloride. An organic base is added as an acceptor for the hydrogen chloride produced in the reaction (49). Following any of these methods of preparation, the polymer is exposed to water and the acid chloride end is converted to a carboxyhc acid end. However, it is very difficult to remove all traces of chloride from the polymer, even with repeated washings with a strong base. 

The system of distinctions and terminology of the thermodynamic and electric potentials introduced by Lange is still very useful and recommended for describing all electrified phases and interphases. Therefore these potentials can be assigned to metal/solution (M/s), as well as the liquid/liquid boundaries created at the interfaces of two immiscible electrolyte solutions water (w) and an organic solvent (s). 

---