Pharmacokinetic scaling

H Boxenbaum, R Ronfeld. Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling and the Dedrick plots. Am J Physiol 245 R768-R774, 1983. 

Boxenbaum, H., Interspedes pharmacokinetic scaling and the evolutionary-comparative paradigm, Drug Metab. Rev. 1984, 15, 1071-1121. 

Boxenbaum, H., D Souza, R. W., Interspedes pharmacokinetic scaling, biological design and neoteny, in Advances in Drug Research, Volume 19. Testa, B. (ed.), Academic Press Ltd., London, 1990, pp. 139-196. 

Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling, biological design and neoteny, 19, 139... 

In dmg discovery, preliminary PK studies are usually conducted in rodents to evaluate the extent of dmg exposure in vivo. This is commonly followed by PK studies in larger animals such as dog or monkey to better characterize the PK profile of the compound and to support safety studies. Pharmacokinetic scaling (also called allometry) is a discipline that is used to predict human PK profiles using preclinical data and is widely used in predicting the dmg human half-life, dose, and extent of absorption. Accurate prediction of a human PK profile is imperative to minimize dmg failure in development due to poor PK attributes. A detailed description of methods in predicting human PK is beyond the scope of this chapter but can be found in many excellent reviews (Obach et al., 1997 Miners et al., 2004 Poggesi, 2004 Raunio et al., 2004 Thomas et al., 2006 Hurst et al., 2007). A more in-depth discussion of various PK concepts and their applications can be found in various references (Gibaldi and Perrier, 1982 Rowland and Tozer, 1995 Hurst et al., 2007). 

Jolling, K., Perez-Ruixo, J. J., Hemeryck, A., Vermeulen, A., Greway, T. Mixed-effects modelling of the interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of pegylated human erythropoietin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005, 24 465-475. 

Mordenti J. Man versus beast pharmacokinetic scaling in mammals. J Pharmaceut Sci 1986 75 1028-40. 

Gaspari, F. Bonati, M. Interspecies metabohsm and pharmacokinetic scaling of theophylline disposition. Drug. Metab. Rev. 1990, 22, 179-207. 

Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling, biological design and neoteny. 19. 139 A Kinetic approach to the mechanism of drug action. 3. 57 Laboratory models of atherosclerosis. 9, 41... 

Mordenti, J. (1985) Pharmacokinetic scale-up accurate prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles from animal data. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 74,1097-1099. 

Owens, S.M. Hardwick, W.C. and Blackall, D. Phencyclidine pharmacokinetic scaling among species. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242 96-101,... 

Mahmood, I. Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling Principles, applications, and limitations. In Pharmacokinetics in drug development Clinical study design and analysis. (Bonate, P.L., and Howard, D., Eds.). AAPS Press, Alexandria, VA, 2004, pp. 423-444. 

Mordenti, J. Man versus beast Pharmacokinetic scaling in mammals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1986 75 1028-1040. 

Feng, M. R. et al., Allometric pharmacokinetic scaling towards the prediction of human oral pharmacokinetics, Pharm. Res., 17 410-418, 2000. 

Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic scaling in retinoid developmental toxicity... 

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