Pharmaceutically active substances

Ulmschneider, M., Wunenburger, A., and Pdnigault, E. (1999), Using near-infrared spectroscopy for the non invasive identification of five pharmaceutical active substances in sealed vials, Analusis, 27, 854-856. 

The possibility of bench testing for screening potential pharmaceutical active substances for confirmation of the outcomes of silicon tests. This may shorten the time frame to reach clinical trials for potential drug candidates and allow a more systematic drug development process... 

Because of the painful thalidomide episode, long and costly tests are now carried out to study the possible secondary effects of pharmaceutically active substances. A great number of drugs that today save many lives would not have been available had they needed to go through the long periods of tests that are now required by legislation. 

An interesting aspect of the daptomycin development story is the passing of the baton from Lilly to Cubist. Without this, daptomycin may have ended up on the trash heap of undeveloped antibiotics and other pharmaceutically active substances discovered in big pharma. 

As all the pharmaceutically active substances, apart from tannin, that have been checked to date have shown complexation constants of less than 10 1/mol, the above example for salicylic acid can be applied to almost all drugs. Complexation is widely used in pharmaceutical technology (Table 21). 

Table 109. Examples of pharmaceutical active substances whose reduction in toxicity by complexation with povidone is described in the literature...

Drugs or medicines are composed of pharmaceutically active substances together with other constituents such as colors, preservatives, fillers, etc. Of these, it is the active substance and on some occasions the preservatives, e.g. mercury, that might be of environmental concern. 

Noe, C.R., Kruse, J., Lachmann, B., and Lauer, R. (2003) Compounds containing lactic add elements, method for the production and use thereof as pharmaceutically active substances. Patent W003016259. 

At this point, there usually follows a chapter about the pretreatment of the samples. However, in contrast to HPLC/GC, sample preparation for TLC is not considered to be quite as critical. As well as the use of precoated layers with a concentration zone (e.g. an application zone consisting of silica 50 000 and a separation zone of sihca gel 60 or RP-18 material) upon which the matrix constituents can often be held back by suitable choice of solvent system, a chromatogram that is imusable for lack of sample preparation is more rapidly rectified (use a different preparation method and a new plate ) than an irreversibly destroyed column. A detailed treatment of the subject of sample preparation would exceed the scope of the present book. In Section 9.4, rm-der the title Examples of GMP/GLP-Conforming Testing Procedures , we describe the extraction of a pharmaceutically active substance from a tablet and the working up of plant components from dry extracts. The reader is referred to other TLC textbooks [2,21] and to literature and brochures produced by manufacturers of articles for sample preparation [28, 29]. 

Analyses in the areas of pharmaceutically active substances and biochemistry... 

Middle lane light-stressed sample of a pharmaceutically active substance... 

F. della Valle, A. Romeo, and S. Lorenzi, Salts and mixtures of hyaluronic acid with pharmaceutically active substances, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same and methods for administration of such compositions, US Patent 5 442 053, assigned to Fidia... 

In addition, stearic acid in enteric coating plays other roles. In Kanazawa et al. s bubbling enteric coating preparations, stearic acid, as an endogenous fatty acid, served as a safe absorption enhancer to improve the permeability of a pharmaceutically active substance through the biomembranes in digestive tract [44]. Besides, stearic acid could also be used as plasticizer in enteric coatings [45, 46]. 

Schmaus, G. Joppe, H. Herrmann, M. Sabater-Luentzel, C. Voessing, T. Preparation of anthranilic acid amides and their derivatives as cosmetic and pharmaceutical active substances. Ger. Offen. DE 10254872, 2004 Chem. Abstr. 2004,141, 23300. 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the United States has developed a categorisation system for hazardous substances . NIOSH defines hazardous pharmaceutically active substances using six criteria ... 

Over the past few decades, membrane materials and processes have been intensively studied due to multiple practical appHcations involving their abihty for selectivity and their capacity for concentration and fractioning in numerous domains such as environmental protection, biomedicine, and organic chemistry and in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, and electronics. This chapter is a general presentation which proposes some of the appUcations of membrane materials in pharmaceutics, such as for obtaining pure water in the pharmaceutical industry (at synthesis, formulation or conditioning of the pharmaceutical active substances), decontamination of polluted waters with medicines or medication wastes, and controlled drug deUvery devices for release of medications. The last part of the chapter is dedicated to a new class of materials—molecularly imprinted membranes and their applications such as chiral separation of optically active medications or the controlled release of enantiomers. 

Some lipases and one esterase were used as enzymes for the reaction. The catalysis was performed in both n-hexane and SCCO2. The ester-racemate as substrate is soluble in hexane or SCCO2. The deprotonated acid should be soluble in the aqueous phase. Figure 7 shows the general reaction scheme for the enzymatic reaction. The class of 3-hydroxy esters represents useful chiral precursors for the synthesis of a wide variety of natural compounds as well as pharmaceutically active substances such as beta blockers. The solubility of HPAE (Fig. 8) in n-hexane was investigated since its solvating properties are similar to those of SCCO2 and allow easy estimation of the accessible substrate concentration in the reaction mixture under supercritical conditions. 

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