Pharmaceutical dosage forms liposomes

Barenholz, Y. and Crommelin, D.J.A. (1991) Liposomes as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. In Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology (Swarbrick, J. and Boylan, J.C., eds), Volume 9. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1-39. 

Extensive studies on liposomes date back to the 1960s. Many good comprehensive review references exist on compositions and manufacturing of lipo-somes " including the article Liposomes as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms in this volume. The earliest commercial liposomal formulations were developed for veterinary application (Novasome, IGI,... 

Barenholtz, Y. Crommelin, D.J.A. Liposomes as pharmaceutical dosage forms. In Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical... 

Liposomes have shown potential as drug delivery systems. The exact location of a drug molecule in a liposome depends on its physicochemical composition and the composition of the lipids. Water soluble drugs may be included in the aqueous phase, and oil-soluble drugs may be added to the membrane-forming phospholipid. An extensive account of the pharmaceutical use of liposomes is found in the article Liposomes as Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, by Y. Barenholz, and D.J.A., Crommelin, Volume 9 of the first edition of this encyclopedia. ... 

Riaz, M. Weiner, N. Martin, F. Liposomes in theory of 47. emulsion. In Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Dispersion Systems Lieberman, H.A., Reiger, M.M., Banker, G.S.,... 

There are, arguably, a greater variety of formulations administered by the parenteral route than by any other. These include emulsions, suspensions, liposomes, particulate systems and solid implants as well as the ubiquitous simple solution. What sets parenteral products apart from most other dosage forms, (with the exception of ocular products), is the absolute requirement for sterility, regardless of the formulation type. This requirement must be uppermost in the pharmaceutical scientist s mind from the first stages of formulation conception, so that the formulation and manufacturing process can be developed in tandem to produce an optimised sterile product. 

Because of its inherent costs, spray drying is not always considered as a processing option for many conventional formulations. However, when a specialized particle type is required by the active ingredient or dosage form, spray drying can become a feasible alternative to more conventional manufacturing processes. Such particle types include microcapsules, controlled release particles, nanoparticles, and liposomes. The application of spray drying to pharmaceuticals has been extensively discussed in review articles (21,22). 

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