Petroleum refining and

In the petroleum refining and natural gas treatment industries, mixtures of hydrocarbons are more often separated into their components or into narrower mixtures by chemical engineering operations that make use of phase equilibria between liquid and gas phases such as those mentioned below ... 

A. K. Jaia and S.. Chopra ia X. Chou, ed.. Proceedings of an International Conference on Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processing, International Academic PubHshers, Beijing, China, 1991, pp. 368—374. 

Over the years, larger quantities of sulfur have been recovered for a number of reasons. These iaclude iacreased petroleum refining and natural-gas processiag, more stringent limitations on sulfur dioxide emissions, and higher sulfur contents of the cmde oil refined. Another contributiag factor is the lower sulfur content limits set on petroleum-based fuels. 

The largest consumers of water in the United States are thermal power plants (eg, steam and nuclear power plants) and the iron and steel, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, and food-processing industries. They consume >60% of the total industrial water requirements (see also Power generation Wastes, industrial). 

Petroleum refining and related industries Manufacture of paving and roofing materials Asphalt and tars, felts, paper, cloth, fiber... 

Volume 100 Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries 1995. 

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries, Kuwait, April 22-26,1995 edited by M. Absi-Halabi, J. Beshara, H. Qabazard and A. Stanislaus Volume 101 11th International Congress on Catalysis-40th Anniversary. 

The reader is referred to References 16, 22, and 23. Reference 16 presents an extensive tabulation of the emission sources for all processes involved in petroleum refining and production, some of which are summarized in Table 30-25. 

The various forms in which embrittlement can show up in petroleum refining and petrochemical processing... 

There are many other processes used in refineries not mentioned here. The list above is intended only to emphasize the wide diversity of processing which is common to petroleum refining and to introduce in a very general way some of the more important of these processes. Also it must be emphasized that only fundamental principles of refinery operations have been discussed and modem manufacmring techniques vary widely from company to company. 

Syoichi, Y. et ah, Aromatization of Propane in CO2 Atmosphere, Second Joint Saudi Japanese Workshop on Recent Developments in Selected Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 12-13, Dec. 1992. 

Catalysts are vital in the chemical indushy. The market for catalysts in the United States exceeds 2.0 billion, including more than 600 million for petroleum refining and more than 750 million for chemical production. Although these are large sums of money, the products made available by catalysts are far more valuable than the catalysts themselves. The total value of fuels and chemicals produced by catalysts exceeds 900 billion. 

Platinum is used as a catalyst for nitric and sulphuric acid production, in petroleum refining and in catalytic mufflers to control air pollution. Platinum salts can cause respiratory complaints, asthma, and platinosis , an allergic response. Allergic dermatitis may also result from exposure to soluble platinum salts and once subjects have been sensitized it generally precludes continued occupational exposure at any level. The 8 hr TWA OEL for platinum metal is 5 mg/m but for soluble platinum salts it is only 0.002 mg/m. Handling precautions must include containment where possible, ventilation, personal protection, and the screening out of individuals who have become sensitized. 

The major initial driving force in the expansion of catalytic processing was the worldwide demand for energy and the availability of relatively eap petroleum. This led to the development of major new processes in petroleum refining and in the petrochemical industry, as well as to inventions which revolutionized existing technology (Table 1). 

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