Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor tissue expression

Vidal-Puig AJ, Considine RV, Jimenez-Linan M, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids. J Clin Invest. 1997 99(10) 2416-2422. 

Auboeuf D, Rieusset J, Fajas L, Vallier P, Frering V, Riou JP, et al. Tissue distribution and quantification of the expression of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptor-alpha in humans no alteration in adipose tissue of obese and NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1997 46 1319-1327. 

Motojima, K., Passilly, R, Peters, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J. Latruffe, N. (1998) Expression of putative fatty acid transporter genes are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gatmna activators in a tissue- and inducer-specific manner. J. biol. Chem., 273, 16710-16714... 

Braissant, O., Foufelle, F., Scotto, C., Dauca, M., and Wahli, W. (1996). Differential Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) Tissue Distribution of PPAR-Alpha, -Beta, and -Gamma in the Adult Rat. Endocrinology 137, 354—366. 

Jones, P. S., Savory, R., Barratt, P., Bell, A. R., Gray, T.J., Jenkins, N. A., Gilbert, D.J., Copeland, N. G., and Bell, D. R. (1995). Chromosomal Localisation, Inducibility, Tissue-Specific Expression and Strain Differences in Three Murine Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated- Receptor Genes. Eur. J. Biochem. 233, 219-226. 

Auboeuf, D., Rieusset, J., Fajas, L., Vallier, P., Frering, V., Riou, J. P., Staels, B., Auw-erx, J., Laville, M., and Vidal, H. (1997). Tissue Distribution and Quantification of the Expression of mRNAS of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Liver X Receptor a in humans. Diabetes 46, 1319-1327. 

PPARs belong to a family of nuclear transcription factors that heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXR) and function in a ligand-dependent manner [5]. They can activate transcription through binding peroxisome proliferator activated receptor response elements (direct repeat of AGGTCA spaced by one nucleotide). To date, three different PPAR isoforms a, 5/p, and y (and splice variants) have been identified that are encoded by separate genes. The tissue-specific expression pattern of these transcription factors is indicative of their function in those tissues [6]. 

Maeda et ah (2005) reported that fucoxanthin has an antiobesity effect by modifying imcoupling protein 1 (UCPl) expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) in KKAy mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes with obesity. When fucoxanthin is orally administered to mice, it is metabolized to fucoxanthinol, which is further converted into amarouciaxanthin A (Asai et ah, 2004 Sugawara et ah, 2002). Fucoxanthin and its metabolite fucoxanthinol have been shown to reduce the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) y in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which in turn inhibits differentiation to mature adipocytes (Maeda et ah, 2006), suggesting that fucoxanthin inhibits adipocyte maturation and stimulates UCPl expression in WAT. 

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