Periodic voltage application

Facilitating agents change solution properties, such as dielectric constant, pH, and viscosity, and influence electroosmotic flow velocity, thereby impacting on PAH removal efficiency. The effect of electrokinetic variables on PAH removal has therefore been investigated to optimize operating conditions. pH adjustment and periodic voltage applications positively affect PAH removal efficiency. 

Applications of the continuous coronas are limited by low cmrent and power, which results in a low rate of treatment of materials and exhaust streams. Increasing the corona power without transition to sparks becomes possible by using pttlse-periodic voltages. The pulsed corona is one of the most promising atmospheric-presstrre, non-thermal discharges. The streamer velocity is about 10 cm/s and exceeds by a factor of 10 the typical electron drift velocity in an avalanche. If the distance between electrodes is about 1-3 cm, the total time necessary for the development of avalanches, avalanche-to-streamer transition, and streamer propagation between electrodes is about 100-300 ns. Therefore, the voltage pulses of this... 

From the CV characteristics and excess response upon step voltage of electrolytic deformation, the dependence of strain and diffusion coefficient (D) on the ionic type can be obtained. The diffusion coefficient can be obtained from the time dependence of the applied electric charge at an early period upon application of a step voltage [102],... 

A period of time over which the input line voltage completely disappears (the specification is typically 8mS for 60Hz ac off-line applications). 

Due to its high energy density (3,860 mAh/g) and low voltage, lithium is the most attractive metal of the periodic table for battery application. Unfortunately lithium metal, and most of its alloys cannot be used in rechargeable batteries because of their poor cyclability. Therefore, lithium intercalation compounds and reversible alloys are among today s materials of choice for subject application. The most common active materials for the negative electrodes in lithium-ion battery applications are carbonaceous materials. The ability of graphitized carbonaceous materials to... 

The mass-selective instability mode of operation permits the selection and trapping of all ions created over a specified period with subsequent ejection to the detector.26 Ions with different m/z values can be confined within the ion trap and scanned singly by application of voltages that destabilize the orbits of the ions and eject them to the detector. Ion trap instruments interface readily with liquid chromatography, ESI,15 and MALDI.27 The motions of the ions and the dampening gas (e.g., helium) concentrate around the middle of the ion trap, thereby diminishing ion loss through collisions with electrodes. 

There are two ways to recover the anode surface after the occurrence of the anode effect. One is the application of a high voltage, such as 50 V, a short period after the exchange of polarity between the anode and cathode. The other is by grinding the anode surface with a sander after taking out the polarized electrode from the bath. In general, the cell is operated at low current density such as 5 8 A dm-2 to avoid the occurrence of the anode effect. 

Power sources based on the zinc-mercuric oxide system are particularly suited to a wide range of applications, mainly concerned with miniature portable electronic equipment, where a relatively constant voltage is required throughout long discharge periods. In addition, such cells are used as voltage reference standards in regulated power supplies, potentiometers, chart... 

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