Periodic table predictions based

There have been some predictions that element 114 will be relatively stable in comparison with many other elements beyond uranium in the periodic table. Predict the maximum oxidation state of this element. Based on the trends in the oxidation states of other members of its group, is it likely that this oxidation state will be the dominant one. ... 

Skill 12.11-Based on position in the periodic table, predict which elements have characteristics of metals, semimetals, nonmetals, and inert gases... 

Although atomic theory and electron configuration help us understand the arrangement and behavior of the elements, it s important to remember that the design of the periodic table is based on observing properties of the elements. Before we use the concept of atomic structure to explain how and why atoms combine to form compounds, we need to understand the characteristic properties of the elements and the trends that occur in these properties on the periodic table. These trends allow us to use the periodic table to accurately predict properties and reactions of a wide variety of substances. 

Based on their positions in the periodic table, predict CQ which atom of the following pairs will have the larger... 

Through much of this book you have seen trends and regularities among physical and chemical properties. Many of these have been related to the periodic table. Predictions have been based on these trends. A prediction is not reliable, though, until it is confirmed in the laboratory. Sometimes a substance does not behave as it is expected to, and we have to look further, but most substances fit into regular patterns. 

The relative size of sodium and potassium ions is an example of a periodic property one that is predictable based on an element s position within the periodic table. In this chapter, we examine several periodic properties of elements, including atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity. We will see that these properties, as well as the overall arrangement of the periodic table, are explained by quantum-mechanical theory, which we examined in Chapter 7. The arrangement of elements in the periodic table— originally based on similarities in the properties of the elements— reflects how electrons fill quantum-mechanical orbitals. 

Calling two such elements x and y—both lighter than hydrogen and x being the element that consituted the optical ether—Mendeleev based his predictions of their properties on numerical relations between atomic weight ratios in the following periodic table which he devised in 1904 ... 

And other heuristic guides could kick in to give plausible, but never deductively derived, predictions . (So, for example, Paneth in the 1920s used simple reasoning based on the Periodic Table to predict that then undiscovered hafnium would occur in the same ores as zirconium. This is nonetheless a considerably looser notion of prediction than applies to standard cases from physics. See Scerri, 1994). 

The chemistry of plutonium is unique in the periodic table. This theme is exemplified throughout much of the research work that is described in this volume. Many of the properties of plutonium cannot be estimated accurately based on experiments with lighter elements, such as uranium and neptunium. Because massive amounts of plutonium have been and are being produced throughout the world, the need to define precisely its chemical and physical properties and to predict its chemical behavior under widely varying conditions will persist. In addition to these needs, there is an intrinsic fundamental interest in an element with so many unusual properties and with so many different oxidation states, each with its own chemistry. 

The placement of an unknown element with an atomic number of 87 in group 1, period 7 of the periodic table was one of Dimitri Mendeleevs ideas based on the chemical properties and physical characteristics of the other alkali metals. In the late nineteenth century, Mendeleev named this unknown element eka-cesium and predicted its properties based on what was known of cesium s placement on the periodic table. This led to worldwide searches for element number 87, which were not all successful but which did result in proposed names for eka-cesium (moldavium, virginium, russium). 

Calculations using the methods of non-relativistic quantum mechanics have now advanced to the point at which they can provide quantitative predictions of the structure and properties of atoms, their ions, molecules, and solids containing atoms from the first two rows of the Periodical Table. However, there is much evidence that relativistic effects grow in importance with the increase of atomic number, and the competition between relativistic and correlation effects dominates over the properties of materials from the first transition row onwards. This makes it obligatory to use methods based on relativistic quantum mechanics if one wishes to obtain even qualitatively realistic descriptions of the properties of systems containing heavy elements. Many of these dominate in materials being considered as new high-temperature superconductors. 

The properties of molecular / V I hydrogen compounds are best predicted if H is assigned a position in the periodic table based on its electronegativity (between B and C). 

This analysis suggests diat structural features which stabilize the conjugate base (often an anion) will therefore increase die acidity of an acid. While there are exceptions to diis general approach (e.g., comparison of die acidities of acids in die second and diird rows of die periodic table), it provides a sound basis for predicting what structural factors can increase or decrease the acidity of organic acids. 

Jaksic has tried to propose a predictive basis for the hydrogen reaction beyond the volcano curve. The idea is based on Brewer-Engel s theory [82] for bonding in metals and intermetallic phases. According to this theory, a maximum in bond strength and stability of the intermetallic phases is expected as a metal lying at the beginning of a transition period in the Periodic Table (e.g., Ti or Zr) is combined with... 

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