Periodic table elemental properties

The lanthanides comprise the largest naturally-occurring group in the periodic table. Their properties are so similar that from 1794, when J. Gadolin isolated yttria which he thought was the oxide of a single new element, until 1907, when lutetium was discovered, nearly a hundred claims were made for the discovery of elements... 

This is, of course, the principle behind the structure of the periodic table. Elements within a given vertical group resemble one another chemically because chemical properties repeat themselves at regular intervals of 2,8,18, or 32 elements. 

In earlier chapters we recognized that strong chemical similarities are displayed by elements which are in the same vertical column of the periodic table. The properties which chlorine holds in common with the other halogens reflect the similarity of the electronic structures of these elements. On the other hand, there is an enormous difference between the behavior of elements on the left side of the periodic table and those on the right. Furthermore, the discussions in Chapter 15 revealed systematic modification... 

The goal of this chapter is to help you relate the properties of elements to their position on the periodic table. These properties include ionization energies and electron affinities. You may want to review the basic structure of the periodic table in Chapter 2 and electron configurations in Chapter 7. And Don t forget — Practice, Practice, Practice. 

The configuration of electrons around the nuclei of atoms is related to the structure of the periodic table. Chemical properties of elements are mainly determined by the arrangement of electrons in the outermost valence shells of atoms. (Other factors also influence chemical... 

In the periodic table, elements in columns have similar properties, and elements so related (like sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) are members of the same group or family and are congeners of one another. 

In addition to reactivity, another property that varies across the table is atomic radius, or the geometric size (not the mass) of the atoms. As you move down or to the right on the periodic table, elements have both more protons and more electrons. However, only as you move down the table do the added electrons occupy higher energy levels. Therefore, the following occurs ... 

Group One of the 18 vertical columns in the periodic table. Elements in the same group usually, but not always, have similar properties. 

O Group a vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table elements in the same Group have similar properties... 

Ghlorine is in Group 17 and has seven valence electrons. All the other elements in Group 17 also have seven valence electrons and, as a result, they have similar chemical properties. Throughout the periodic table, elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. 

Transuranium elements The elements immediately following uranium in the periodic table—elements with atomic numbers 93 and greater—are known as the transuranium elements. All transuranium elements have been produced in the laboratory by induced transmutation and are radioactive. Many transuranium elements have been named in honor of their discoverers or the laboratories at which they were created. Scientists continue their ongoing efforts to synthesize new transuranium elements and study their properties. 

Elements that have the same number of valence electrons will have similarities in chemical behavior. Looking at the periodic table, elements with the same number of valence electrons are in the same group. Therefore, the pairs that would represent similar chemical properties of their atoms are ... 

TABLE 1.12 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Periodic Table Elements (Aldea et ah, 2000)... 

These materials include compounds and alloys formed between elements of groups IV and VI of the periodic table. The properties of the narrow-gap semiconductors of this class which are useful in infrared photon detectors have been reviewed in detail very recently by Harman and Meingailis [4.3], so that we will only summarize here those properties needed in this chapter. The alloy systems Pbi j.Sn Te, Pbi jjSnjj Se and Pb, Ge Te have all been studied as detector materials, but Pbj Sn Te has received the most emphasis. Accordingly, we will review the properties only of Pbj j(Sn Te in this appendix the other materials are analogous. 

The periodic table on the inside front cover is used with permission of Dragoset, R.A., Musgrove, A., Clark, C.W. and Martin, W.C., Periodic Table Atomic Properties of the Elanents, NIST SP 966 handout, September 2010 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, www. nist.gov). As of 2012, Element 114 is officially flerovium (FI) and Elanent 116 is livermorium (Lv). 

Zinc—Element Information, Properties and Uses, 2011, http //www.rsc.org/ periodic-table/element/30/zinc. 

Not much is known about astatine because it is very rare, is radioactive, and decays very quickly. Would you predict the chemical and physical properties of astatine to be more like those of a metal or nonmetal Defend your answer on the basis of astatine s location on the periodic table. Elemental chlorine is obtained by the electrolysis of molten NaCl (Downs cell). Elemental fluorine is obtained by the electrolysis of KHE2 in a cell made of Monel metal (a stainless steel alloy). Both of these processes are dangerous. Why ... 

The Periodic Table Elements can be grouped together according to their chemical and physical properties in a chart called the periodic table. The periodic table enables us to classify elements (as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals) and correlate their properties in a systematic way. It is the most useful source of chemical information. 

The Periodic Table Elements within the same column of the periodic table have similar outer electron configurations and the same number of valence electrons (electrons in tire outermost principal shell), and tirerefore similar chemical properties. The periodic table is divisible into blocks (s block, p block, d block, and/block) in which particular sublevels are filled. As you move across a period to tire right in tire periodic table, atomic size decreases, ionization energy increases, and metallic character decreases. As you move down a column in the periodic table, atomic size increases, ionization energy decreases, and metallic character increases. 

The elements can be arranged in rows and columns by atomic number to form the periodic table. Elements in a given group (column) have similar properties. (A period is a row in the periodic table.) Elements on the left and at the center of the table are metals those on the right are nonmetals. 

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