Per Capita Generation

An example of this can be seen from the recycling experience of Fitchburg, WI. In early 1990, the town received a grant to evaluate homeowner participation regarding each recyclable over an 8 week period, from Match 1 to April 26,1990. The town s weekly curbside recycling program served 2,823 households and collected 11,360 pounds of HDPE for an average of 1,420 lbs./week. The participation assessment study area included 1,185 households and therefore an estimated 596 Ibs.of HDPE/week [(1,185 / 2,823) 1,420] were collected from it. Data recorded are as follows  

An indication of the plastic generation and recycling rates which can be achieved for the six primary types of plastic are shown in Table 2.10. It shows estimates of generation rates for different types of plastics collection developed from curbside pickup programs and from plastic recycling projection studies. The source of the data is listed along with the calculated per household rates. 

For comparison purposes within Table 2.10 of per capita recycling contribution to actual per capita plastic produaion, the first three line items in Table 2.10 are per capita estimates of plastic consumption. The first item is the national per capita average of all plastics in MSW on a national basis, the second item is the total per capita production of the six primary thermoplastics on a national basis, and the third item is an estimate of the per capita consumption of durable and nondurable plastic products for Massachusetts. 

Plastic Type Generation Collection Size Set-Out Rate (%) Panicipation Rate (%) Pounds Collected Source Comments 

All plastics in MSW 117 Ib/cap-yr materials flow methods EPA, 1990b National average of all plastics in MSW 

setouts/week Ave. weddy setout rate Pounds HOPE per setout 

---

Per capita generation (Ib/person/day) — — Total waste generation (mil tons)... 

The United States produces a very large amount of MSW, over 236 million tons in 2003, compared to 205 miUion tons in 1990. Most of this growth can be attributed to population increase, as the per capita generation rate has remained relatively stable since 1990, at about... 

For several decades since the 1960s, the municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States has increased at a faster rate than the total population before leveling off in the last decade [36]. The per capita generation of waste reached a maximum of 4.7 Ib/day/person in 2007. The trend has finally reversed in the past few years with a reported 4.3 Ib/day/person of MSW in 2009 [37]. MSW includes material from commercial, industrial, and institutional sources as well as residences. Construction and d olition wastes are not included neither is sludge from sewage treatment. 

In an increasingly technological society, the world s per capita resources have difficulty keeping up. Society s demands, however, must be satisfied while at the same time safeguarding the environment to allow future generations to continue to enjoy planet Earth as a hospitable home. Establishing an equilibrium between mankind s needs and the environment is a challenge we must meet. 

It is estimated that this would cost about 8,000 per capita in the United States for 300,000 megawatts of generating capacity to replace the coal consumed in the U.S. for electrical power generation. Post combustion scrubbing is a well known but largely unapplied technology. 

Tetracyclines have been marketed since 1984, and, since discovery, some first-generation tetracyclines such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlorotetracychne have been extensively used in livestock and aquaculture, besides clinical use by humans. For human use, the second-generation tetracyclines doxycycline and minocycline have been prescribed to a great extent, and indeed prescription of the latter has steadily increased in the United States over the 2003-2005 period (Fig. 1.7). However, each of these tetracyclines is less than 0.5% of all the other 200 most prescribed dmgs. Tetracyclines are also prescribed to a good extent in several European countries (Fig. 1.6), with the exception of Italy and Denmark where per capita prescriptions are quite minimal, that is, <25 prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants (Molstad et ah, 2000). They are also widely used in animal husbandry where daily therapeutic doses of 40 mg tetracycline kg liveweight are typical (Kilhne et al., 2000). 

In Ukraine technical potential of solar energy for power production is estimated at about 16 TWh/yr that makes up in average about 3.3 m2 of PV batteries per capita with the production of about 100 kWh/m2/year. Provided that a dwelling is equipped with modem and promising energy saving household appliances, indicated volume of power production could satisfy necessary household needs. It is assumed for year 2030 the PV-power generation makes 2 TWh/year, and that for 2050 makes 9 TWh/year. 

Our planet was created in such a way that plants will consume C02, while animals generate it. The concentration of C02 in the atmosphere reflects the balance between plant and animal life on the planet. Prior to the industrial age, the movement ("flux") of carbon between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans were kept in balance by nature s photosynthesis. In the last centuries, this balance has been upset not only by overpopulation and deforestation, but also by lifestyle changes—resulting in increased per capita energy consumption. 

Today, the average American generates 21 tons of C02 a year (some of the "green" cities in California and elsewhere reduced this to 9-13 tons/per capita), whereas the global per capita average is only 4 tons a year. The generation of each kilowatt-hour of electricity from fossil fuels releases from 270 to 1,050 g (0.27-1.05 kg) of C02 into the atmosphere, in addition to other... 

---