Peptide/protein delivery, electrodes

Safe and effective delivery of peptides has also been successfully demonstrated in human studies using iontophoresis, a technique that uses mild electric current to facilitate transport of molecules across the skin. ° Iontophoresis works primarily by a combination of two forces, electro-repulsion of charged drug molecule away from the electrode and into the skin, and electroosmosis, a convective solvent flow in the direction of the counter-ion transport. In general, cationic proteins and peptides are delivered more efficiently than anionic molecules because electro-osmosis works in the same direction as electro-migration for cationic species. 

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