Pentaerythrite

PENTACHLOROETHANE PENTACHLOROPHENOL PENTADECYLAMINE PENTAERYTHRITE TETRANITRATE PENTAMETHYLHEPTANE... 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Mono PE PE Pentaerythrite Pentek ... 

Pentaerythritol [Pentaerythrite, Tetrakis (hy droxy methyl)methane, Tetramethylol-methane, Methanetetramethylol, 2,2-Bis-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (name... 

Pentastit. Trade name for Swiss military expls prepd by phlegmatizing PETN with pentaeiythritol tetra-stearate (called pentaerythrit-tetrastearat in Ger). These expls were manufd by the Schweizerische Sprengstoff Fabrik AG at Dottikon, Switzerland The properties and compns of some Pentastit expls, with and without A1 are reported as follows ... 

Besitzen Aldehyd und Keton a-H-Atome, so werden diese zunachst durch Hydroxy-methyl-Gruppen ersetzt. Auf diese Weise erhalt man z. B. aus Acetaldehyd und vier Molen Formaldehyd Pentaerythrit (73% d.Th.)4 bzw. aus Cyclohexanon mit fiinf Molen Formaldehyd 2-Hydroxy-1,1,3,3-tetrakis-[hydroxymethyl]-cyclohexan (73-85% d.Th.). Da es sich hierbei zunachst um eine Aufbaureaktion handelt, wird diese Umsetzung in Bd. VI/la/2, S. 1314f. geschlossen abgehandelt (vgl. auch Lit.s). 

In the case of esters from, for example, neopentylglycol, pentaerythrite, and trimethylolpropane with fatty acids, tertiary amines, such as triethanol amine, together with a mixture of fatty acids, improve the efficiency [74]. 

Polytetramethyleneglycol (polytetrahydrofuran) is formed by ring opening polyetherification of tetrahydrofuran. Branched polyalkyleneoxides are formed using polyfunctional alcohols such as trimethylolpropane and pentaerythrite. The products are liquids or waxes depending on the molar mass. Polyalkyleneoxides are often precursors for demulsifiers. 

Bei der Verarbeitung von technischem Pentaerythrit zum Tetranitrat entsteht als Nebenprodukt eine gewisse Menge Dipentaerythrithexa-nitrat. 

TATP is unique in that it is a material that never received any serious consideration for military or commercial applications. It was studied by numerous groups, but primarily for academic reasons. Minimal literature references exist on it. TATP was first reported by Wolfenstein in 1895 [6], Since that time, numerous recipes have been developed for its preparation. One of the most useful studies of its properties as an explosive was conducted by Rohrlich and Sauermilch [7], They determined that TATP had a TNT equivalency of approximately 88% based on lead block expansion. They prepared a firing train consisting of 0.05 g TATP (pressed at 250 kg/cm2) in contact with pentaerythrital tetranitrate (PETN) to produce reliable blasting caps. Other experiments determined that a 0.16-g portion of the peroxide (density = 1.35 g/cm3) could initiate TNT. 

Pentaerythrital Tetranitrate (PETN) white, crystalline compound used as a detonating agent in blasting caps and detonating fuse CHEMICAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS PROPULSION SYSTEMS AND GAS GENERATORS Complete solid-fueled rocket motors and gas... 

Refs on DPE 1) Beil, not found 2) W. Von Briin, "Ueber den Pentaerythrit , W. Greven, Krefeld, Germany (1930) (A book of 90pp)... 

Na-acetate NaK-tartarate pentaerythrite pepsine terephthalic acid crystallisation NH4CL MgC03 glyoxafi cyanuric acid surface-active agents... 

Nitro- 2-( m-nitrophenyl) -propanediol-1,2-dinitrate Nitropenta or Nitre- pentaerythrite See Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate BMT 114... 

Detonating fuse is called cordeau detonant in the French language, and cordeau has become the common American designation for it. Cordeau has been made from lead tubes filled with trinitrotoluene, from aluminum or block tin tubes filled with picric acid, and from tubes of woven fabric filled with nitrocellulose or with pentaerythrite tetranitrate (PETN). In this country the Ensign-Bickford Company, at Simsbury, Connecticut, manufac-... 

Of the several explosives which are preparable from formaldehyde, two are the most powerful and brisant of the solid high explosives which are suitable for military use. One of these, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine or cyclonite, is a nitroamine and is discussed in the chapter which is devoted to those substances. The other, pentaerythrite tetranitrate or PETN, is a nitric ester. Both may be prepared from coke and air. 

Pentaerythrite Tetranitrate (PETN, penta, niperyth, penthrit) Four equivalents of formaldehyde in warm aqueous solution in the presence of calcium hydroxide react with one equivalent of acetaldehyde to form pentaerythrite. Three of the four react with the three a-hydrogens of the acetaldehyde, the fourth acts as a reducing agent, converts the —CHO group to —CH2— OH, and is itself oxidized to formic acid. 

The name, pentaerythrite, indicates that the substance contains five carbon atoms and (like erythrite) four hydroxyl groups. In commercial practice108 the reaction is carried out at 65-70°. After 2 hours at this temperature, the calcium is precipitated by means of sulfuric acid, the mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated and crystallized by evaporation in vacuum. Penta-... 

Pentaerythrite may also be nitrated satisfactorily, and probably in better yield, without the use of sulfuric acid and with the use of nitric acid from which the nitrous acid has been removed. 

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