Pentadecenyl phenol

Co-condensation of phenol with substituted phenolic compounds derived from renewable resources such as 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)phenol and lignin is a method to reduce product brittleness and inerease toughness. Compared to technical phenol, the naturally available phenolic compounds 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)phenol and lignin are less reactive. However, these natural products have substituents attached at the phenolic ring that are responsible for producing flexibility in the co-condensation products with phenol. 

Pentadecenyl)phenol, common name cardanol, is isolated from Ginkgo bilobaOil [21]. Phenol and 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)phenol react with methanal in presence of a strong acid catalyst such as concentrated sulfuric acid or in a basic environment according to the simplified equation 50. Some of the reactions of this alkyl phenol have already been illustrated in Scheme 12. 

The co-condensation of 4 -acetylphenol-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone and substituted aminobenzoic acids such as2-aminobenzoic acid or acetyloxy-benzoic acid with methanal occurs under acid catalysis. But, the co-condensation of 4 -acetylphenol-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, methanal, and any of the following benzoic acids 3-methylbenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and 2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H- xanthen-9-yl)-benzoic acid (phenolphthalein), occurs under base catalyst. These products generally have lower decomposition temperatures than those containing 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)phenol. 

In contrast to expensive synthetic fibers, the use of natural fibers is a very cheap means of reinforcement, especially in countries where these natural products are readily available. Natural fibers, when compared to synthetic fibers, have a lower density and a lower tensile modulus. However, a combination of a sisal fiber with a resole type phenolic resin based on cashew nut shell liquid, a naturally occurring monomer, produces a very cost effective composite with a thermal stability greater than 200°C. The cashew nut shell liquid is a mixture of phenol, 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)phenol, 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)-5-(hydroxy)phenol, 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)-5-(hydroxy) -6-methylphenol, and2-(8-pentadecenyl-6-(hydroxy)benzoicacid [195]. 

C-H bending in side chain alkane of 3-(8 -pentadecenyl)phenol [156]... 

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