Penicillium islandicum mycotoxins

Citreoviridin (79), luteoskyrin (80), and cyclochlorotine (81) are historical mycotoxins studied in Japan. Citreoviridin was isolated as a toxin from Penicillium citreoviride associated with a disease called cardiac beriberi or shoshin kakke .164 Luteoskyrin and cyclochlorotine were isolated from Penicillium islandicum, which was infected into toxic yellowed rice.165 Genes responsible for biosynthesis of these compounds are not obtained. 

Penicillium islandicum is a chlorine-containing peptide whose structure was determined later. This organism also produced cyclochlorotine (92), which is an infectant of yellowed rice [133], The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae produces the chlorohydrin cyclic peptide (93) [134], Cyclochlorotine, a hepatotoxic mycotoxin, was also isolated from Penicillium islandicum. 

Kawai K, Kato T, Mrai H, Kitamura J, Nozawa Y (1984) A Comparative Study on Cytotoxicities and Biochemical Properties of Anthraquinone Mycotoxins Emodin and Skyrin from Penicillium islandicum Sopp. Toxicol Lett 20 155... 

Franck, B. The biosynthesis of ergochromes. In The Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins (P. S. Steyn ed.), pp. 157-191. Academic Press, New York 1980 Leistner, E. Biosynthesis of plant quinones. In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products (E. E. Conn, ed.), pp. 403-423. Academic Press, New York 1981 Sankawa, U. The biosynthesis of anthraquinoid mycotoxins from Penicillium islandicum Sopp and related fungi. In The Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins (P. S. Steyn, ed.),pp. 357-394. Academic Press, New York 1980... 

Another tetramic acid, erythroskyrine, is one of three mycotoxins produced by Penicillium islandicum Sopp. The acute toxicity and pathological changes effected by this orange red metabolite were described by Ueno et al. (1975). It is a hepatotoxin, but its role in the carcinogenesis of mice and rats fed with P. islandicum-moXdQd rice is still obscure. 

The Biosynthesis of Anthraquinonoid Mycotoxins from Penicillium islandicum Sopp and Related Fungi... 

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