Penicillium chrysogenum formation

M Nieboer, A Vollebregt, D Schipper, R Bovenberg. Formation of cephalosporins by Penicillium chrysogenum. IV European Conference on Fungal Genetics, Leon, Spain, 1998, p 201. 

The formation from glucose by members of the Penicillium chrysogenum series of pigments, an alkali soluble protein and penicillin, the anti-bacterial substance of Fleming, P.W. Clutterbuck, R. Lovell and H. Raistrick, Biochem. /., 1932, 26, 1907. 

Ryan JA, Zhang P, Hesterberg DA, Chou J, Sayers DE (2001) Formation of chloropyromorphite in lead-contaminated soil amended with hydroxyapatite. Env Sci Tech 35 3798-3803 Sarret G, Manceau A, Spadini L, Roux JC, Hazemann JL, Soldo Y, Eybert-Berard L, Menthonnex JJ (1998) Structural determination of Zn and Pb binding sites in Penicillium chrysogenum cell wall by EXAFS spectroscopy. Env Sci Tech 32 1648-1655. 

Penicillin Formation by Penicillium Chrysogenum. The first reactions of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway are identical to the ones in A. chrysogenum (Figure 1.1-1). IPN, however, is not epimerized to penicillin N instead it is converted to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) by removal of the L-a-aminoadipic acid side chain, which is substituted by a hydrophobic acyl group. Both steps are catalyzed by the same enzyme, the acyl coenzyme A IPN acyltransferase (IAT). The enzymatic activity of lAT is believed to be the result of the processing of a 40-kD monomeric precursor into a dimeric form consisting of two subunits with MWs of 11 and 29 kD. Due to the broad substrate specifity of lAT, various penicillin derivatives are synthesized naturally by attachment of different acyl-CoA derivatives to the 6-APA-core. For industrial purposes, to facilitate extraction by organic solvents, synthesis usually is directed to the less hydrophilic penicillin V or penicillin G. This is by addition of phenoxyacetic acid or phenylacetic acid, respectively, as precursors to the culture broth. 

P. A. Fawcett, B. Loder, M. J. Duncan, T. J. Biesley, and E.P. Abraham, Formation and properties of protoplasts from antibiotic-producing strains of Penicillium chrysogenum and Cephalo-sporium acremonium, J.gen. Microbiol. 79, 293 (1973). 

Work by Arnstein and others has shown that isotopically labelled L-cys-teine and L-valine are utilised by Penicillium chrysogenum for the formation of benzylpenicillin . However, the utilisation of L-cysteinyl-L-valine was... 

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