Penicill

Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystine, penicillic acid, patulin... 

Ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystine, zearalenone... 

Note The natural fluorescence colors of some flavonoids [7, 9] and anthracene derivatives [16] are altered by the ammonia treatment. This makes possible differentiation on the basis of color. Detection limits per chromatogram zone have been reported of 2 ng for morphine and heroin [2], 6 ng for ochratoxin A [5] and 1 pg for penicillic acid [13]. 

In order to detect penicillic acid (detection limit ca. 5 ng) the plate is heated to 110°C for 15 min after it has been sprayed with reagent this causes penicillic acid to produce pale blue fluorescent zones [17,18]. 

Chalcones yield orange-red to brown-colored zones [4] as do 4-aminoazobenzene derivatives, but their colors begin to change after 10 min and slowly fade [5]. Penicillic acid is visible as a greyish-black zone [18]. 

Note The reagent can be employed on silica gel, kieselguhr, cellulose and polyamide layers. When left exposed to air the whole chromatogram is slowly colored blue because of the formation of the blue cation (3) (see Reaction). The detection limits for patulin, moniliformine and penicillic acid are ca. 50 ng per chromatogram zone. 

Detection and result The chromatogram was freed from mobile phase, immersed in reagent solution for 1 s and then heated to 130°C for 90 — 120 min. Penicillic acid hRf 45 — 50) yielded yellow chromatogram zones which fluoresced yellow in long-wavelength UV light (2 = 365 nm). The detection limits were 50 to 100 ng per chromatogram zone. 

Fig. 1 Fluorescence scan of a chromatogram track of 0.5 gg penicillic acid.

Sodium 6-(D-tt-azidophenylacetamido)penicill a-Chlorodiethyl Carbonate Sodium Bicarbonate Hydrogen... 

Studies in the Biochemistry of Micro-organisms. Part XXVI. The Metabolic Products of Penicil-liarn charlesii, G. Smith, P. W. Clutterbuck, W. N. Haworth, H. Raistrick, G. Smith, and M. Stacey,... 

Penicillin derivatives and cephalosporins e.g. penicillic acid, oxacillin, clonacillin,... 

Fig. 28. Reactor design for the enzymatic deaccylation of Penicillin G to 6-Amino-penicil-lanic acid...

The rapid inactivation of human lysosomal / -D-galactosidase is noteworthy, as the reaction had to be carried out at 2 pH units above its pH optimum (pH 4.0) in order to minimize the spontaneous decomposition of the inhibitor. Similar conditions had to be employed for ) -D-xylosidase from Penicil-lium wortmamii (optimum at pH 3.5), which was studied at pH 7.0. 

Zhang YZ, ST Sundaram, A Sharma, BW Brodman (1997) Biodegradation of glyceryl trinitrate by Penicil-lium corylophilum Dierckx. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 1712-1714. 

Ferrichromes Hydroxamic acid 3 Species of Aspergillus, Neuro-spora, Paecilomyces, Penicil-lium, Spicaria, Ustilago, Crypto-coccus, Actinomyces, Sireptomy-ces and probably Sphacelotheca... 

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