Peats chemical composition

McGrath, D. (1997) Extractability, chemical composition, and reactivities of soil organic matter of Irish grassland soils. In Hayes, M.H.B. and Wilson, W.S. (eds) hfumic Substances in Soils, Peats and Waters. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp. 31-38. 

Waksman S. A. and Stevens K. R. (1928) Contribution to the chemical composition of peat I. chenucal nature of organic complexes in peat and methods of analysis. Soil Sci. 26, 113-137. 

The chemical composition of the ash of several representative types of peat as reported by Feustel and Byers (1930) is given in Table 29.11. In column 4 of this table is given the... 

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASH IN SEVERAL TYPES OF PEAT (from FEUSTEL and BYERS, 1930)... 

Tar is generally defined as a thick, heavy, dark brown or black liquid obtained by the distillation of wood, coal, peat, petroleum, and other organic materials. The chemical composition of a tar varies with the temperature at which it is recovered and raw material from which it is obtained. 

Chemical Composition and Other Properties. The composition of peat varies considerably. Chemically, peats are largely organic material. When burned, they leave ash residue (2-10% by weight) and have calorific values of 7,000 100 kJ kg . The main varieties of peat can be distinguished by their acidity and ash content. 

Activated carbons available in the market differ in pore distribution, in form and in chemical composition. The differences between activated carbon types are a consequence of the choice of activation process, the choice of activation conditions and to some extend of the choice of the raw material. Activated carbons are produced using raw materials as peat, wood, lignite, anthracite, fruit, kernels and shells. The raw materials are converted in activated carbon by steam activation or by chemical activation. 

Petrographic continuity of layers may reflect widespread simultaneous deposition of a given maceral composition. If this is true, it is probable that physical and chemical aspects of the peat swamp are more significant factors than local florisbc similarities in establishing the organic composition of the layer. 

Rollins, M. S., Cohen, A. D., and Durig, J. R. (1993). Effects of fires on the chemical and petrographic composition of peat in the Snuggedy Swamp, South Carolina. Int. J. Coal Geol. 22,101-117. 

However, neither basalt type has chemical or isotopic compositions similar to basalts derived from the Tristan plume, which is probably responsible in some fashion for both CFB formation in the Parana and Etendeka and for the opening of the southern Atlantic (Peate,... 

Each of the materials recognized as belonging to a specific maceral class (according to the criteria shown in Figure 2) has physical and chemical properties that depend upon its composition in the peat swamp and the effects of subsequent metamorphic alteration. Thus, for instance, in all coals there is material derived from the structural tissues ( wood ) of plants. These woody substances (lignin, cellulose) are the dominant components of plants, and hence their derivatives dominate in typical coals. In the peat swamp some of the woody tissues may have been pyrolyzed by fire, forming a carbon-rich char recognized as fusinite in the coal. In some coal layers fusinite may be the dominant maceral, and such layers would be referred to as fusinite-rich types of coal. 

Inorganic sediment is supplied by erosion of material from exposed areas of high relief, and can be transported a considerable distance to the area of deposition. The composition of this detrital (or clastic) material varies, but aluminosilicate minerals are usually important. There are also biogenic sediments, resulting from the remains of organisms (e.g. calcareous and siliceous tests, peat) and chemical sediments formed by precipitation of minerals from solution (e.g. evaporites, some limestones and authi-genic infills of pores by quartz and calcite cements). 

Figure 7.2 C DPMAS NMR spectra of the three humic fractions isolated from a peat soil using the procedure outlined in Figure 7.1. Carbon-type distributions generally used to describe samples are aliphatic (0-50 ppm), carbohydrate (50-110 ppm), aromatic (110-190 ppm) and carboxyl (190-220 ppm). Elemental data [6] are average elemental compositions for each humic fraction. Functional group analyses are for these specific samples [7]. There is considerable variation in these chemical characteristics among samples, and between environments, for each fraction. For descriptions of compositional variations in humic materials from different environments the reader is referred to the references [1-5].

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