Use Pattern of Pesticides

Blair, A. and S.H. Zahm (1993). Patterns of pesticide use among farmers implications for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology, 4, 55-62. 

Note that chemical pesticides are very much a part of IPM. In a fully implemented IPM program, however, chemical use patterns may change because of early detection, which could reduce the amounts of pesticides used. 

The process of pesticide volatilization from a leaf surface is considered first in terms of the component physical processes of sublimation and molecular diffusion through a saturated boundry layer. Predicted volatilization rates based solely on pesticide vapour pressures often bear little relation to field observations due to myriad interactions of the pesticide with the leaf and the surrounding microenvironment. Observed pesticide fluxes above sprayed agricultural fields together with microclimatological characteristics of coniferous forests are then used to predict general patterns of pesticide volatilization from a treated coniferous stand. 

Belden et al. (2007) used a 3-step approach to evaluate the relative toxicity and the occurrence pattern of pesticide mixtures in streams draining agricultural watersheds. First, a landscape of interest was identified as the corn-soybean crop setting in the United States. Second, the relative toxicity of mixtures was compared... 

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