Passive applications

Electronic Displays Large area capability of l.B films is an advantage, the monolayers can either be the active electroluminescent layer or used to enhance cihcicncy of an inorganic diode passive application to align liquid crystal displays. Deposition of liquid-crystal type molecules also possible. 

The field test shows that the photocatalytic method can achieve passive air purification. Although the open-air, passive application of photocatalysis is not a perfect measure for improvement of air quality, we believe it will play an important role in energy- and labor-saving mitigation of air pollution in urban areas. 

Figure 1 Autoradiogram of skin treated by the passive application of H-estradiol, in dimethylsulfoxide, for 2 hours. The exposure time was 81 days. (A) A macroscopic view illustrating the regions of the epidermis, hair shafts, and sebaceous glands with the highest levels of radioactivity is shown. (The arrow points at a sebaceous gland.) Penetration gradients of radioactivity are apparent between the epidermis and dermis (B-C) and regions of hair shafts and the hypodermis (D-E). The scale bar is 25 pm. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 11.)...

Singh and Roberts [63] have shown that iontophoretic delivery through intact epidermis yields deeper tissue concentrations, identical to that after dermal delivery. Figure 4 shows similar tissue concentrations for lidocaine and salicylate after iontophoretic delivery through intact skin and passive application of these solutes to the dermis. It is therefore concluded that iontophoresis... 

Technology is reaching a point, however, where the unique properties of polymers make them suitable not only for these so-called passive applications, but also for active applications, wherein the polymer plays an active role in the functioning of the device. Examples of such applications include nonlinear optics, molecular electronics, and conductors electronic... 

For this end applications variety of commercially available polyamic acid compositions are available and were examined. An in-house synthesized polyamic acid system appeared to have the best combination of all the desired features. The method of synthesis and the fabrication processes involved in the passivation application will be described in this paper. 

For passivation applications,the use of the ultrapure polyamic acid involves some changes in the routine processing. The poly-imide passivation process consisted of the following steps ... 

Thermal tempering of the photosensitive or cross-linked polymer gives the polyimide siloxane which has been previously shown to be an excellent candidate as an insulating polymer in electronics. The use of such a directly patternable polyimide for dielectric and passivation applications, particularly in microelectronics, should become increasingly important as polyimides become more widely accepted in the industry. 

During the last decade numerous applications were developed employing fluorescent proteins. This includes passive applications such as the use of fluorescent proteins as fluorescence tags in fusion proteins to monitor the appearance, degradation, location or translocation of appropriate partner proteins, as well as more active applications measuring biochemical parameters such as metabolite concentrations, enzyme activity, or protein-protein interactions by their effects on the fluorescence properties of appropriately designed derivatives of fluorescent proteins (biochemical sensors/indicators) [76]. 

Another important passive application of the power of computers in OC/MS uses the high-speed dala fetching and correlaling capabilities of the computer. Thus, for example, the computer can be called on to display on a mon/lor the mass spectrum of any one of the. separated coniponenls after the component has e.x-ited from a gas chromatographic column. 

Deviees designed to transmit information by means of photons now incorporate polymeric materials with the appropriate structures. Passive applications include the eoating of optieal fibers by UV eurable epoxy aerylates, thermal curing silicones, or heat-shrinkable polyethylene, to protect them from mechanical wear. Polymers have also been used in the manufaeture of wave guides. Suitable polymers can now be synthesized having aetive nonhnear optical properties, which depend on the eleetronie exeitation of the 7t-electron system. 

Computer interactions with analytical instruments arc of two types, pnsjir e and In passive applications, the computer does not participate in the control of the experiment but is used only for data handling, processing, storing, tile searching, or display. In an active interaction, the output from the computer controls the sev uence of steps required for operation of the instrument. For e.xample, in a spectroscopic determination. 

The application of chiral nematics to THG processes has long been recognized [198-200]. These are passive applications in which mirrorless optical bistability has been predicted [198] and the theory modi-... 

SIO2 RS, CVD, PACVD, Photo CVD Active and passive applications In microelectronics, optical waveguides ... 

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