Particulate drug delivery systems liposomes

D. Meisner, Liposomes as a pulmonary drug delivery system, Pharmaceutical Particulate Carriers, (A. Rolland, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, p. 31. 

Herein, we are focusing on various new drug delivery systems such as inserts, contact lenses (CLs), mucoadhesiveness, penetration enhancers, implants, particulate and vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes, microemulsion, nanoparticles, iontophoresis, dendrimers, and so on. 

Reszka, R. (1998). Liposomes as drug carrier for diagnostics, cytostatics and genetic material. In Future Strategies for Drug Delivery with Particulate Systems, eds. J. E. Diederichs and R. H. Muller. Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers. 

Herein, various barriers to oral delivery of macromolecular drugs will be discussed in brief, after which carrier-mediated delivery systems on the basis of chemical modification of the drugs and particulate drug carriers (e.g., nanoparticles, microcapsules, and liposomes) will be introduced as representative of promising approaches currently being investigated. 

Parenteral is defined as situated or occurring outside the intestine, and especially introduced otherwise than by way of the intestines —pertaining to essentially any administration route other than enteral. This field is obviously too broad for an adequate focus in one book, let alone one chapter. Many have nonetheless used the term synonymously with injectable drug delivery. We restrict ourselves to this latter usage. This would thus include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, and subdural injection. In this chapter we discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of solubilizing small molecules for injectable formulation development and will examine the role of surfactants and other excipients in more recent parenteral delivery systems such as liposomes, solid-drug nanoparticles and particulate carriers. 

One approach where the characteristics of the liposomal carrier system are well matched to the intended therapeutic application is the delivery of drugs to the MPS. Because of their particulate nature, the major route of clearance of liposomes, when administered in vivo by a variety of routes, is phagocytosis by MPS cells, especially macrophages in liver and spleen. Obviously, this "natural" fate of liposomes in vivo is an advantage if one attempts to treat diseases... 

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