Sampling and analysis, particle

C. H. Murphy, Handbook of Particle Sampling and Analysis Methods, Verlag, Deerfield Beach, 1984. 

B. W. Loo, J. M. JaMevic, and F. S. Goulding, "Dichotomous Virtual Impactors for Large Scale Monitoring of Airborne Particulate Matter," in B. Y. H. Liu, ed., Eine Particles, Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling and Analysis, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1976, pp. 311—350. 

B. Y. H. Liu, ed.. Tine Particles—-Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling and Analysis, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1976. 

For determination of the aerodynamic diameters of particles, the most commonly apphcable methods for particle-size analysis are those based on inertia aerosol centrifuges, cyclones, and inertial impactors (Lundgren et al.. Aerosol Measurement, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1979 and Liu, Fine Paiiicles—Aerosol Generation, Measurement, Sampling, and Analysis, Academic, New York, 1976). Impactors are the most commonly used. Nevertheless, impactor measurements are subject to numerous errors [Rao and Whitby, Am. Ind. Hyg. A.s.soc.]., 38, 174 (1977) Marple and WiUeke, "Inertial Impactors, in Lundgren et al.. Aerosol Measurement and Fuchs, "Aerosol Impactors, in Shaw, Fundamentals of Aerosol Sci-... 

P. Hosier, and T. Nussbaumer, Sampling and analysis of particles and tars from biomass gasifiers, Biomass Bioenergy 18(1), 61-66 (2000). 

In short, care must be taken in sampling and analysis of airborne particles, as well as in the data interpretation, to minimize or at least recognize potential artifact problems. Such problems, along with a need to understand not only the bulk composition of a collection of airborne particles but also that of individual particles, have contributed to the development of realtime and single-particle analysis techniques discussed in the following section. 

When executed improperly, sample preparation is the source of the second-largest component of the overall variance of sampling and analysis. Although it is not specified as a requirement, it is generally recognized that the variance of sample division and analysis is not more than 20% of the total variance of sampling, division, and analysis (ASTM D-2013). The particle size distribution (size consist) of the laboratory sample depends on its intended use in the laboratory and the nature of the test methods to be applied. The minimum allowable... 

Species distribution studies have shown that trace element (e.g. metals) concentrations in soils and sediments vary with physical location (e.g. depth below bed surface) and with particle size. In these speciation studies the total element content of each fraction was determined using a suitable trace element procedure, for example, solid sample analysis by X-ray emission spectroscopy or neutron activation analysis, or alternatively by dissolution of sample and analysis by ICPOES, AAS or ASV. The type of sample fraction analysed can vary, and a few... 

In previous casework in which the majority of the FDR particles contained potassium and sulfur, frequently at high levels, it was thought that the ammunition responsible probably contained black powder. In most of the cases the type of ammunition was not known, whereas in others the sampling and analysis of the residue from the interior of the spent cartridge cases confirmed the presence of black powder. 

This chapter has described the various techniques of ceramic powder characterization. These characteristics include particle shape, surface area, pore size distribution, powder density and size distribution. Statistical methods to evaluate sampling and analysis error were presented as well as statistical methods to compare particle size distributions. Chemical analytical characterization although veiy important was not discussed. Surface chemical characterization is discussed separately in a later chapter. With these powder characterization techniques discussed, we can now move to methods of powder preparation, each of which 3uelds different powder characteristics. 

The control of processes involving the treatment of solids generally requires means for careful sampling and analysis of solids and slurries at various points in an operation. Unlike liquids, particulate solids are not homogeneous. The composition of individual particles will vary with particle size and particle density. It follows that care must be... 

Guideline for sampling and analysis of tars and particles in biomass producer gases... 

---