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Particle charging beneficial

Bentonite particles are negatively charged and flocculation occurs when electrolytes or positively charged suspensions are added. Bentonite is thus said to be incompatible with strong electrolytes, although this effect is sometimes used beneficially to clarify turbid liquids. [Pg.60]

The cycle life within one cycle-set depends strongly on the nature and properties of the carbon or graphite additives used. These materials differ in particle size, structure and affinity to lead and to the expander. Of special importance is the interface between carbon and lead particles, and its area as it determines the resistance that electrons have to overcome when transferred between these two phases and thus affects the potential and the rate of the electrochemical reactions at the carbon/solution interface. Only a limited number of carbon and graphite materials have optimum structural characteristics and may improve substantially the cycle life performance of the cells. It is of crucial importance to identify the most effective carbon (graphite) additives, i.e. with most beneficial effect on the parallel mechanism of charge of the negative plates. [Pg.337]

In a comprehensive study on the role of Ru oxides, PtRu catalysts were synthesized by a modified Adams-Shriner method using various temperatures between 673 K and 873 K [113]. The composition and particle size (1 1 atomic ratio and 2-4 nm, respectively), were virtually independent of the synthesis temperature. However, the crystalline RUO2 content increased with temperature, at 873 K all the Ru was present as RUO2 [113]. The lowest overpotential for methanol oxidation was measured for the catalyst synthesized at an intermediate temperature (743 K), which also exhibited the highest capacitive behavior in cyclic voltammetry indicative of double layer charging due to the hydrous Ru oxide phase. Therefore, the presence of mixed phases including PtRu alloy and Ru hydrous oxide were found to be beneficial for good catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation [113]. [Pg.194]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.836 ]




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