Parallel addition

The increment to force during activation. Presumably, the structures which maintain the resting force are not those which are activated or even changed following a stimulus. Therefore, activation involves the parallel addition of a nascent force resulting from the emergent interaction of the actin and myosin filaments. Active force is therefore an incremental force added to the resting force. This is a fundamental assumption of almost all analyses of contraction from A.V. Hill onward. 

The capability of NO to reduce nitrates, providing a pathway for the production of ammonium nitrite and thus of nitrogen, has also been demonstrated recently by Weitz and co-workers, mainly on the basis of IR data collected over BaNa-Y zeolite [75] however, according to a parallel additional route NO would also react with NO2 to form N2O3 and then nitrogen [reactions (13.25) and (13.26)], as already discussed. The oxidation of NO by surface nitrates over a Pt-Ba/Al2O3 catalyst has also been reported by Olsson et al. [76], whereas the formation of surface nitrates from NO2 on bare AI2O3 has been reported by Apostolescu et al. [77] and previously observed in our laboratories also [78]. 

There is another curiosity related to the speed of photons in STR. Long ago, it was noted [20-22] that the second postulate of STR (speed of light invariance) may be derived from a pair of more fundamental assumptions the principle of relativity for inertial observers plus the principle of isotropy of spacetime. More recent work along the same lines [23-25] implies that the parallel addition... 

A mechanistically similar example is the Cannizzaro reaction, which is in essence a disproportionation between two aldehydes lacking a-hydrogen with a parallel addition of water to yield an alcohol and a carboxylic acid [144]. Aldol condensation cannot take place since the a-hydrogen is absent. Most likely the formation of aldehydrates takes place in the zeolite pores. NaX and NaY have been reported to be successful catalysts [150]. 

The addition of H2 to complex 4 to yield 5 is interesting (equation 7.31). Originally, it was thought that 5 formed under kinetic control by parallel addition of H2 along the P-Ir-CO axis. Rearrangement of 5 to its thermodynamically more stable diastereomer 6 occurred via reversible loss of H2, followed by OA again of H2 parallel to the P-Ir-Br axis. Closer examination of the reaction revealed that the rearrangement of 5 to 6 also involved a bimolecular reaction between 4 and 5.63... 

Exercise 7-4 a. Verify that compound 5 forms by parallel addition of H2 along the... 

Moseley (46) has derived a semiempirical relationship between the sound velocity and the orientation function by using the fact that the force constants are different along molecular segments from across. His derivations consider the separate cases of series addition and parallel addition of the molecular force constants. He has shown by comparison with experimental data that the series case appears to be well correlated with orientation while the parallel case leads to physically meaningless results and will not be discussed further. The basic equation for the series case is... 

The coefficients of eq. (6) for a given two-component system can be calculated from experimental data. It has been found that the first term of eq. (6) should have the form of a simple parallel (additive) mpdel, and higher order terms express deviations from the rule of additivity. Thus, eq. (6) can be written as... 

The experimental data for PC-PMMA. blends, taken from the literature >1, are shown in Table 3, as are the calculated values of volume fractions v and reinforcement factors e. The plot of e vs. v is shown in Fig. 3 (evidently outstanding points are omitted). Thus three types of blend, A,B and C, prepared and measured under different conditions, can be compared. We have assumed, in the first approximation, that the differences between the types are in the limits of experimental error. Hance the parallel (additive) model can be applied and the least-squares method gives e=0.192 v, with coefficient of multiple correlation being equal to 0.94 (cf. Table 4). However,... 

Modify existing reboiler/condenser install a new reboiler/condenser in parallel. Additional condensers can also be installed in series at the expense of more reboiler duty... 

In 2007, Amedjkouh showed the possible inversion of diastereoselectivity by using an equimolar quantity of L-histidine and tetramethylguanidine 8 (20 mol%) (Figure 12.2) or imidazole, leading predominantly to the syn-adduct from cyclohexanone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde [anthsyn 1 2 and 2 3, respectively). In parallel, additives other than water have been tested. Barbas in particular demonstrated that 5-methyl-li7-tetrazole 9 (10 mol%) in DMF were the optimal conditions for the reaction of 5 (R = p-N02) with dihydroxyacetone in the presence of OtBu-i-Thr (20 mol%). After... 

Rondan, N. G., Paddon-Row, M. N., CarameUa, R, Houk, K. A. (1981). Nonplanar Alkenes and Carbonyls A Molecular Distortion which Parallels Addition Steroselectivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103,2436. Ess, D. H. Houk, K. N. (2007). Distortion/Interaction Energy Control of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactivity. J. Am Chem. Soc., 129, 10646-10647. Lopez, S. A., Houk, K. N. (2013). Alkene Distortion Energies and Torsional Effects Control Reactivities, and Stereoselectivities of Azide Cycloadditions to Norbomene and Substituted Norbomenes. J. Org. Chem., 78(5), 1778-1783. Hong, X., Liang, Y, Griffith, A. K., et al. (2013). Distortion-Accelerated Cycloadditions and Strain-Release-Promoted Cycloreversions in the Organocatalytic Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis. Chem. Sci., 5(2), 471-475. 

PAMOS and PAROS Parallel Addition of Multiple or Redundant Operands in a Single word... 

PAMOS contributes to fault detection when identical rephcas of the operands are added in parallel. In this case we speak of PAROS, the parallel addition of redimdant operands in a single word. This approach requires the following steps (PI to P6) for processing two integer addends a and b ... 

If the comparison (see 15) is performed in hardware according to Fig. 1 the adder itself does not differ between the parallel addition of different operands (PAMOS) and the parallel addition of redundant replicas of a pair of operands (PAROS). In the presence of control bits it decides as follows. 

With the frequencies gained from the analysis, we weighted the probability to which different operands of different bit widths occur and conducted the experiments from 5.2 again to calculate the possible number of parallel additions - this time for adders of widths between 32 and 64 in steps of 4 bits. Figure 4 shows... 

Figure 5. Average parallel additions in redundant modes for a numeric-intensive application (Livermore loops, kernel 1).

The electro-optical responses are strongly dependent on the phase state of the colloidal system. The transition of the same sample from the liquid to the crystalline state is accompanied by a considerable increase in the cutoff frequency of the ac component and a displacement of the dc curve to more negative values (Fig. 6). Similar variations can be observed by increasing of the sphere volume fraction, as demonstrated in Fig. 3, which shows that the effective volume fraction determines the process. In parallel, additional modes are observed to appear in the crystalline state. They introduce resonance peaks at frequencies depending on the sphere volume fraction (two volume fractions are presented in Fig. 6). 

The parallel addition of a series of O atoms was tested to simulate the ALD processes. It led to essentially lower but exothermic (negative) heats of oxidation versus the ones obtained via the successive steps of atom-by-atom optimization which can hardly be achieved during short ALD steps. Already after the injection of 12 O atoms, one could observe a strong reconstmction of the upper Si layer. It demonstrates that the search of the most stable geometry of trapped O atoms by the successive optimization of every O atom over a regular upper layer could not be relevant for ALD modeling. 

The lamellar composite inclusion in Fig. 17 can support forces with a strength which depends on its orientation with respect to those forces. In two of the three spatial directions, this strength represents a parallel additivity of components in the third direction, a series additivity is involved. Since these inclusions have various orientations in a test sample, we assume macroscopic isotropy and thus obtain the average modulus by a strictly probabilistic weighting of the series and parallel values ... 

The intramolecular photoaddition of vinylogous esters with allenes has also been explored. Thus photocycloadition of 82 leads to the formation of the bicyclic furan 84 in moderate yield. This furan derivative is prepared from the cyclobutane intermediate 83, which results from the parallel addition to the terminal olefin of the allene. However, this approach does not work for the acyclic vinylogous ester 85. Irradiation of this ester provides none of the expected furan product 87 and results only in isomerization of the vinylogous ester. 

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