Pancake format

Figure 1.2 Various columns and materials employed for capillary gas chromatography (a) left 25 m x in. o.d. stainless steel capillary column in a pancake format, center 30 m X 0.25 mm i.d. aluminum-clad fused-silica column, right blank or uncoated stainless steel capillary tubing o.d. (b) 60 m x 0.75 mm i.d. borosilicate glass capillary column for EPA method 502.2 (c) 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. fused-silica capillary column also pictured is a typical cage used to confine and mount a fused-silica column.

In the modern mathematical theory of Lagrange singularities the metamorphosis of saucer formation is the first in a long list (related to the classification of Lie groups, catastrophe theory, etc.). But Ya.B. s pancake theory was constructed two years prior to these mathematical theories and, thus, Ya.B. s work anticipated a series of results in catastrophe theory and the theory of singularities. Many later mathematical studies in the theory of singularities and metamorphoses of caustics and wave fronts were performed under the influence of Ya.B. s pioneering work in 1970 on the pancake theory [34 ]. 

The pancake theory today is perceived by mathematicians as a chapter contributed by Ya.B. to the general mathematical theory of singularities, bifurcations and catastrophes which may be applied not only to the theory of large-scale structure formation of the Universe, but also to optics, the general theory of wave propagation, variational calculus, the theory of partial differential equations, differential geometry, topology, and other areas of mathematics. 

After my talk at the Caucasus Winter School Zeldovich offered me collaboration in the study of the universe. He was developing a theory of formation of galaxies (the pancake theory, Zeldovich 1970) an alternative whirl theory was suggested by Ozernoy (1971), and a third theory of hierarchical clustering by Peebles (1971). Zeldovich asked for our help in solving the question Can we find some observational evidence which can be used to discriminate between these theories ... 

Our analysis gave strong support to the Zeldovich pancake scenario. This model was based essentially on the neutrino dominated dark matter model. However, some important differences between the model and observations were detected. First of all, there exists a rarefied population of test particles in voids absent in real data. This was the first indication for the presence of biasing in galaxy formation - there is primordial gas and dark matter in voids,... 

Tar balls are agglomerations of thick oil less than about 10 cm in diameter. Larger accumulations of the same material ranging from about 10 cm to 1 m in diameter are called tar mats. Tar mats are pancake-shaped, rather than round. Their formation is still not completely understood, but it is known that they are formed from the residuals of heavy crudes and Bunker C. After these oils weather at sea and slicks are broken up, the residuals remain in tar balls or tar mats. 

Understanding the mysterious processes of hole self-organization in layered oxides remains one of the biggest problem in condensed matter physics. This paper is intended to discuss how these processes can be clarified on the basis of a new string approach. It is shown that the experimental data are consistent with the predicted pattern of hole ordering implying the formation of neuronlike network composed of hole-rich pancakes and bosonic stripes. 

This paper is purported to outline how the processes of hole segregation and self-organization can be modeled on the basis of the recently proposed string approach [18-20] involving the concept of pseudoatoms with quantized hole orbitals of rank tj. The condensation of pseudoatoms into pancakes with 1/8 initiates formation of bosonic stripes (BS) classified by the discrete width w =ija, where a -0.385 nm denotes the mean parameter of CuO2 layers. 

Of course, a jumbo roll of tape is useless to the end user. It must be sHt and packaged into a usable form. Slitting takes the jumbo roll and cuts it into strands of the appropriate width for the given format. Each strand is then wound onto a hub and is then known as a pancake. All slitters operate in a similar manner. The web passes through a series of blades, known as arbors. There are two major parts to the arbor. The first is the male cutting blade, which is typically positioned above the web surface. The second is the female guides, which are typically positioned below the surface. 

One more point must be mentioned here. In the studies of adsorbed ultrathin polymer films by computer simulations [66-68], FT-IR spectroscopy [69], and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) [70] techniques, it was shown that strongly adsorbed chains acquired the quasi-2D (flattened, pancake ) conformations instead of 3D conformations peculiar to a bulk polymer. Initially polymer chains were adsorbed onto a substrate in a flat configuration ( trains formation from segments) but at the higher surface coverage adsorbed nanolayers had more chain loops and tails. ... 

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