Palea

Freshwater diatom, Nitzschia palea-, 5 pg/L Alga, Ochromonas danica... 

Flowers enclosed by a bract and bracteole (lemma and palea), arranged in spikelets leaves usually with open sheaths ... 

Palea One of the chaffy scales on the receptacle subtending the disk flowers in many composite plants or the upper bract, which, with the lemma, encloses the flower in grasses. 

An interesting professional critique of the Needlenian report is summarized by J. Palea (reference listed). 

FIGURE 6.1 Leaf, inflorescence, and grain of Eleusine coracana depicted. 1, Stem part with leaves 2, Inflorescence 3, Part of inflorescence branch 4, Spikelet 5, Floret without lemma and palea 6, Grain within lemma and palea 7, Grain (de Wet, 2006 Reproduced with permission from PROSEA). 

University of Peloponnese, 26 Menelaou St, Amfithea-Palea Faliron, Gr-175 64, Athens, Greece... 

From the difference in response between different algal species it appears that copper may be acting at a variety of loci. Chlorella does not show inhibition for a few hours except at saturating light intensity. The action of copper in that organism may be one that requires a time dependent penetration inside the cell to reach specific sites such as the chloroplast. Conditions which may favor the penetration of copper, such as those found in anaerobic cultures, are followed by a rapid decoloration in pigment material and a rapid inhibition, even with Chhrella91 On the contrary, Nitzschia palea and possibly other diatoms may be affected as soon as copper is present at the level of the cellular membrane. The rapid response of diatoms may occur because silicon metabolism is directly connected to membrane function and membrane function is rapidly affected by materials in the aqueous phase. Indeed, we have visual evidence from our experiments that the silica shells are altered in the presence of copper and that cell division, which also depends on silicon uptake, is also affected. 

Palea, S., Rimland, J.M. Trist, D.G. (1995) Discrimination by benextramine between the NPY-Y1 receptor subtypes present in rabbit isolated vas deferens and saphenous vein. Br.J. Pharmacol. 115, 3-10. 

C. lutea Cylindrical bulge above lemma and palea, yellow Bright yellow... 

Nitzschia palea Fontinalis antipyretica with Stentor roeseli and Campa-nella umbellaria with Vorticella campanula and also the triplet Gamma-... 

The only significant doublets are those of microorganisms, for example Colpidium colpoda with Beggiatoa Nitzschia palea with Stigeoclonium Paramecium trichium with Navicula accommoda. 

The different cereal crops are easily recognised by their grains or flowering heads. Wheat, rye and maize grains consist of the seed enclosed in a fruit coat (the pericarp) and are referred to as naked caiyopses (kernels). In barley and oats, the kernels are enclosed in husks formed by the fusing of the glumes (palea and lemma) and are referred to as covered caiyopses (Fig. 13.2). Note, naked oat and barley varieties are being developed. 

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