Paddle ships

In the middle of the nineteenth century some ship designers began to replace paddle wheels with propellers (or screws). A propeller has a series of identical blades placed around a hub that is driven by the engine. W. J. M. Rankinc presented a theoretical model of the ideal propeller in his classic paper On... 

The complexity of the cilium and other swimming systems is inherent in the task itself. It does not depend on how large or small the system is, whether it has to move a cell or move a ship in order to paddle, several components are required. The question is, how did the cilium arise ... 

The Collins Line record-hreakin paddle steamer Baltic was amonj the mercantile passenger ships drafted into trooping service in the American Civil War, being conveniently available following her owner s financial collapse. 

Many of the early factories were primitive ground rock and sulfuric acid were mixed in kettles or vats by manual labor with paddles or hoes. However, by 1862, Lawes was using a continuous mixer with a 100-tpd capacity. Some modern plants produce 1,000 or more tonnes per day, but smaller plants serving local areas generally are favored since it is seldom economical to ship the low-analysis material long distances. 

Fluid-power flowmeters are used in low-velocity, moderately viscous flows. In addition to industrial control applications, turbine flowmeters (Fig. 18.10(a)) are sometime used as speed indicators for ships or boats. Paddle wheel flowmeters (Fig. 18.10(b)) are used both in closed- and open-flow applications such as liquid flow in flumes. Since a fluid-power gear motor (Fig. 18.10(c)) is a constant volume device, motor shaft speed is always a direct indication of fluid flow rate. 

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