Oxygen signal transduction

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Palmer, H.J. and Paulson, K.E. 1997. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in signal transduction and gene expression. Nutr Rev 55 353-361. 

Our work on thiolato oxidation is of broader relevance, as there is much current interest in the function of protein cysteinyl sulfenates in signal transduction, oxygen metabolism, oxidative stress, and their role in the activity of nitrile hydratase (98-100). 

J. M. Quinn, M. Eriksson, J. L. Moseley, S. Merchant (2002) Oxygen deficiency responsive gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through a copper-sensing signal transduction pathway. Plant Physiol., 128 463-471... 

Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55 373-399... 

Sulfation in most aspects is very similar to phosphorylation, except that sulfation is not involved in intracellular signal transduction, but in other forms of signaling. The mechanism of sulfation is similar to that of phosphorylation as a general base from the enzyme active site that deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of tyrosine residues. The nucleophilic oxygen then attacks the /3-position, in contrast to the 7-position in phosphorylation, and releases adenosine 3, 5 -diphosphate. 

Figure 22.3 Signaling pathways activated by CpG DNA. CpG is thought to enter the cell via a pH-dependent step that may be receptor mediated. There is a possible role for the toll like receptor 9 (TLR-9). Once inside the cell, CpG DNA appears to act, through a number of signal transduction pathways, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), the ubiquitination and degradation of IrcB, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which ultimately lead to the induction of activating protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB).

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