Oxygen ketene reaction with

In a related publication, Kobayashi and his team reported on Zr-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reactions that utilize the more electron-rich oxygenated ketene acetals shown in Scheme 6.28 [93], A noteworthy aspect of this study was that the levels of syn/anti diaste-reocontrol proved to be dependent on the nature of the alkoxide substituent whereas the (3-TBS acetals predominantly afforded the syn isomer, the OBn derivatives afforded a larger amount of the anti isomer. As before, the presence of an additive, this time 1,2-dimeth-ylimidazole (DMI), proved to be important with regard to the level of Ti-facial selectivity. The phenol activating group can be removed by the same procedure as reported previously, with essentially identical degrees of efficiency (see Scheme 6.27). 

The vinylketene complex 140.g was shown to react toward electrophiles at the ketene oxygen. Although iodomethane had no effect, reaction with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate caused methylation to produce the cationic complex 143 in fair yield. 

Several ketenes have been converted into l,2-dioxetan-3-ones by reaction with triphenyl phosphite ozonide (77JA5836), and ketenimines form cyclic iminoperoxides with photochemi-cally generated singlet oxygen (Scheme 97) <79AG(E)788,80CC898). 

In contrast, when ketene is photolyzed with 3(550 A. light in the presence of oxygen (Porter102), the principal role of oxygen is to deactivate the excited ketene molecules, although reaction with oxygen also occurs. 

Porter108 has made a careful study of the photooxidation at 3650 A. at both room temperature and at 160°C. At room temperature the quantum yield of products were very small (e.g., fao = 0.03) and the product ratios were rather different from those given when 2700 A. radiation was used. It seems that, in contrast to biacetyl photooxidation, the main role of oxygen was in deactivating ketene molecules but there was some direct reaction with the electronically excited ketene molecules. At 160°C. there was a chain oxidation similar to that when 2700 A. radiation was used, but the ethylene forming step appeared to be different. 

Bis-silyl ketene acetals devoid of -protons undergo a clean silatropic ene reaction with singlet oxygen (see Sections 2.3.2.1,3.ii and 2.3.2.4.3.H) to generate the a-silylperoxy silyl ester quantitatively. Treatment with methanol affords the a-hydroperoxy acid, also quantitatively (Scheme 23). Hytkogenation over platinum reveals the a-hydroxy acid, once again, quantitatively. Despite diis encouragement the substrate limitation is severe. 

D. Silylation - Ketene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetals result from treatment of acid dianions with chlorotrimethylsilane.58 59 Esters behave analogously.60 Silylated ketene acetals can react like acid dianion equivalents. For example, reaction with singlet oxygen was used to produce the first operoxylactone.61,62... 

AAAcylimines, e.g., 4, are the most widely recognized and the most extensively investigated hetero-2-azadiene system capable of participation in Diels-Alder reactions, and comprehensive reviews have been published.7,71 In general, substituents X and Y are strongly electron-withdrawing groups and consequently the AAacylimines participate as electron-deficient partners in cycloaddition reactions with electron-rich dienophiles. Diels-Alder reactions of electron-deficient /V-acylimines with vinyl ethers, enamines, olefins, sulfenes, acetylenes, and the carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen double bond of ketenes have been detailed.57 71 This 47t participation of electron-deficient AAacylimines does complement the ability of many simple AAacylimines to behave as 2ir dienophile components in Diels-Alder reactions with typical electron-rich dienes.6... 

Nitrile, azo, and nitroso groups, and even the oxygen molecule, take part in such reactions, and acetylenic triple bonds in particular confer reactivity as philodiene. As for dienes, so for philodienes the reactivity depends on the constitution. Activating groups particularly favor addition. The most reactive components include <%,/ -unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as acrolein, acrylic acid, maleic acid and its anhydride, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, p-benzo-quinone and cinnamaldehyde, as well as saturated nitriles and <%,/ -unsaturated nitro compounds. Tetracyanoethylene also reacts with dienes.41,42 Conjugation of the double bond to an active group is not absolutely essential for a philodiene, for dienes add under certain conditions also to philodienes with isolated double bonds examples of the latter type are vinyl esters and vinyl-acetic acid. Ketenes do not undergo the Diels-Alder reaction with dienes, but instead yield cyclobutanone derivatives 43,44... 

Isomerization of silyl ketene acetals. Reaction of these ketone acetals proceed by migration of the silyl group from oxygen to carbon, with the formation of a-silyl-alkanoic esters, is very facile (5 min, room temperature). 

There are many methods for the preparation of carbenes. A simple approach is to photolyze ketenes (290) at 270-370 nm (100.5-76.5 kcal moT, 438.8-320.2 kJ mol l) in the presence of oxygen.226 irradiation of 290 at 270 nm gave carbon monoxide (CO, with a quantum yield = 2) and the yield of ethene was independent of the pressure of oxygen. At 370 nm, the quantum yield of CO varies with the pressure of applied oxygen and also with the temperature. The presence of additional oxygen diminishes the yield of ethene by = 3.226 xhe reaction proceeds via formation of excited ketene (291), which fragments to methylene... 

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