Oxygen 260 discovery

Scott AI (1998) How nature synthesizes B12 without oxygen discoveries along the ancient, anaerobic pathway. In Krautler B, Arigoni D and Golding BT (eds) Vitamin B12 and B -proteins, pp 81-100. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim... 

Priestley died in 1804. On the centennial of his oxygen discovery, thus in 1874, American chemists assembled in order to honor his memory. The occasion was significant, as then the initiative was taken to form the American Chemical Society, now the largest scientific association in the world. It was founded in 1876 after two years of preparation work. 

Following Bartlett s discovery of xenon hexafluoroplatinate(VI), xenon and fluorine were found to combine to give several volatile, essentially covalent fluorides, and at least one fluoride of krypton has been obtained. From the xenon fluorides, compounds containing xenon-oxygen bonds have been made much of the known chemistry of xenon is set out in Figure 12.1. 

The discovery of oxygen, the development of a cleat understanding of the nature of air, and a knowledge of the role of oxygen in combustion and in life processes were historically important scientific achievements. In the 1770s, air and ethers were studied by such scientists as Cavendish, Ptiesdey, and Scheele. Both Scheele and Ptiesdey independendy prepared oxygen. Whereas Scheele s work remained unpubUshed until after his death, Ptiesdey was able to relate his discovery direcdy to Lavoisier in 1775. 

For well over 100 years after its discovery and initial preparation, oxygen was made either chemically or by the electrolysis of water. Early in the twentieth century, Linde and Claude introduced processes for the Hquefaction and distillation of air that have since grown into a mature and highly competitive industry. In 1991, over 13.4 X 10 (4.7 x 10 ft ) of oxygen was produced in the United States. About 70 X 10 (24.7 x 10 ft ) was... 

The discovery of oxygen is generally credited to C. W. Scheele and J. Priestley (independently) in 1773-4, though several earlier investigators had made pertinent observations without actually isolating and characterizing the gas. Indeed, it is difficult to ascribe a precise meaning to the word discovery when applied to a substance so ubiquitously present... 

J. W. Mellor, a Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vot 1, pp. 344-51, Longmans, Green, 1922. History of the discovery of oxygen. 

Tellurium was the first of these three elements to be discovered. It was isolated by the Austrian chemist F. J. Muller von Reichenstein in 1782 a few years after the discovery of oxygen by J. Priestley and C. W. Scheele (p. 600), though the periodic group relationship between the elements was not apparent until nearly a century later (p. 20). Tellurium was first... 

Biologically, iron plays crucial roles in the transport and storage of oxygen and also in electron transport, and it is safe to say that, with only a few possible exceptions in the bacterial world, there would be no life without iron. Again, within the last forty years or so, the already rich organometallic chemistry of iron has been enormously expanded, and work in the whole field given an added impetus by the discovery and characterization of ferrocene. 

Despite the synthetic utility of this transformation, nearly eighty years elapsed between the discovery of the Bischler-Napieralski reaction and the first detailed studies of its mechanism. " Early mechanistic proposals regarding the Bischler-Napieralski reaction involved protonation of the amide oxygen by traces of acid present in P2O5 or POCI3 followed by electrophilic aromatic substitution to provide intermediate 5, which upon dehydration would afford the observed product 2. However, this proposed mechanism fails to account for the formation of several side products that are observed under these conditions vide infra), and is no longer favored. 

The puzzling discovery of Collie and Tickle in 1899 that 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyrone (8) affords crystalline salts (9) with acids, which were the first monocyclic pj rylinm salts to be isolated, was interpreted by a formula (21) with tetracovalent oxygen.An active period of research followed. The methosulfate or methiodide of 2,6-dimethylpyrone was converted by ammonia into 4-methoxy-2,6-lutidine, therefore, the exocyclic oxygen of the pyrone must be involved in the salt formation. Thus, formula 21 was disproved and formula 22 was demonstrated for these salts. 

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