Oxidative stress ricin-induced

Preliminary studies indicate that ricin induces an oxidative stress in the livers of mice (Muldoon and Stohs, 1991). Few studies have examined other biochemical alterations that may be associated with ricin toxicity. Oxidative stress, induced by free radicals and reactive oxygen species, has been widely implicated as a mechanism in the toxicity of ricin (Muldoon and Stohs, 1991 Omar et al, 1990). 

Earlier studies have also shown that ricin induces oxidative stress in mice, resulting in increased urinary excretion of MDA and formaldehyde (FA) (Muldoon et al, 1994). Other toxicants have been shown to induce oxidative stress by macrophage activation with subsequent release of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). 

Muldoon, D.F., Stohs, S.J. (1991). Ricin-induced oxidative stress in mice. Toxicologist 11 214-19. 

Muldoon, D.F., Bagchi, D., Hassoun, E.A., Stohs, S.J. (1994). The modulating effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody on ricin-induced oxidative stress in mice. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 9 311-18. 

Kumar, O., Sugendran, K., Vijayaraghavan, R. (2003). Oxidative stress associated hepatic and renal toxicity induced by ricin in mice. Toxicon 41 333-8. 

Suntres, Z., Stone, W., and Smith, M.G. (2005). Ricin-induced tissue toxicity the role of oxidative stress. J Med CBR Def3, http /www.jmedcbr.org/Issue-0301/Suntres/Suntres 1205.html. 

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