Oxidative phosphorylation overview

Chemically induced cardiac failure has been the subject of a number of works. Balazs and Ferrans (1978), Baskin (1991), and Acosta (2001) give an overview of the subject. Hypoxia is one of the effects of the decreased availability of ATP which depresses contraction in the muscle. The energy that is supplied by the phosphate bonds is possible only as long as aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are maintained. Under anoxic conditions, this is no longer possible and with the adrenergic stimulus continuing, calcium accumulation in the mitochondria leads to... 

Figure 18.34 Overview of oxidative phosphorylation. The electron-transport chain generates a proton gradient, which is used to synthesize ATP.

Fig. 19.8. Overview of energy transformations in oxidative phosphorylation. The electrochemical potential gradient across the mitochondrial membrane is represented by ApH, the proton gradient, and A F, the membrane potential. The role of the electrochemical potential in oxidative phosphorylation is discussed in more depth in Chapter 21.

Goenzymes are introduced in this chapter and are discussed in later chapters in the context of the reactions in which they play a role. Chapter 16 discusses carbohydrates. Chapter 17 begins the overview of the metabohc pathways by discussing glycolysis. Glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (Chapter 18) provide bases for treating control mechanisms in carbohydrate metabolism. Discussion of the citric acid cycle is followed by the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in Chapters 19 and 20. The catabolic and anabolic aspects of lipid metabohsm are dealt with in Chapter 21. In Chapter 22, photosynthesis rounds out the discussion of carbohydrate metabolism. Chapter... 

Fig. 13.1.1. Schematic overview of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. A part of the mitochondrion is represented, showing the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and crista (an invagination of the inner membrane). Substrates for oxidation enter the mitochondrion through specific carrier proteins, e.g., the pyruvate transporter, (PyrT). Reducing equivalents from fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenases, pyruvate dehydrogenase and the TCA cycle are delivered to the electron transport chain through NADH, succinate ubiquinol oxidoreductase (SQO), electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) and its ubiquinol-...

This chapter focuses on insecticides and acaricides that act by inhibiting MET at these two sites. The reader is directed to Chapters 13.1 (Earley [5]) and 13.5 (Walter [9]) in the Section on Eungicides for overviews of the MET system and Complex I as a target for fungicides, respectively. Likewise, Ehrenfreund [10] and Kuhn [11], in Chapters 28.1 and 28.2, respectively, provide information on insect control agents that interfere with aspects of oxidative phosphorylation. 

Both type 1 and type 2 azole N-oxides like 1 and 9 upon alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation, phosphorylation, or silylation at the oxygen atom give rise to highly reactive N-alkyloxyazolium or N-acyloxyazolium salts, etc., (abbreviated common term oxyazolium salts) which can undergo a series of exquisite and useful reactions with nucleophiles, bases, and electrophiles. In most cases the whole sequence can be run in one pot. Reactions of this kind are discussed in the sections dealing with the individual azole N-oxides. A brief overview, listing the reactions of this kind that have been observed in the azole N-oxide series, is presented below. Some of these reaction types have been observed in a few cases only and... 

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