Oxidation state of carbon

Function To donate methyl groups to phospholipid, biogenic amines, thymidine, and amino acid biosynthesis To provide one-carbon fragments at the level of formaldehyde and formic acid for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis Location Most everywhere [Pg.233]

Connections One-carbon fragments in from serine, glycine, formate, and histidine [Pg.233]

One-carbon fragments out from SAM, formyl-THF, methylene-THF, and methyl-THF Regulation At individual enzyme level [Pg.233]

By comparison, the conversion of methenyl-THF (—N—CH=N—R, state 1) to methylene-THF (—N—CH2—N—, state 2) requires a reducing agent, NADPH. [Pg.235]

REDUCTION LEVEL NAME TYPICAL STRUCTURES FOLIC ACID EQUIVALENT [Pg.235]

Increasing oxidation state of carbon (decreasing hydrogen content)... [Pg.87]

Oxidation States of Carbon in 1-Carbon Units Carried by Tetrahydrofolate ... [Pg.603]

The more electronegative element will take the negative oxidation state, (a) The maximum oxidation state of sulfur is +6 the most common negative oxidation number of oxygen is -2. Therefore, it takes three oxygen atoms to balance one sulfur atom, and the formula is SO v (b) The maximum oxidation state of carbon is +4 the only oxidation number of fluorine in its compounds is - 1. Therefore, it takes four fluorine atoms to balance one carbon atom, and the formula is CF4,... [Pg.215]

It is convenient to divide organic chemical reactions between acid-base and oxidation-reduction reactions as in inorganic chemistry. In acid-base reactions the oxidation states of carbon do not change, e.g. in hydrolysis, where reaction is, for example,... [Pg.60]

CH3CO.OR + H20 - CH3COOH + ROH In oxidation-reduction reactions the oxidation states of carbon change, for example, CH3COOH + H2 - CH3CHO + h2o... [Pg.60]

As noted above, the primary chemistry of life had to be reductive in order to lower the oxidation states of carbon and nitrogen from C02 (CO) and N2 (HCN)... [Pg.170]

The appropriate stoichiometric coefficient for oxidation of carbon is not readily apparent, because there are two different oxidation states of carbon, namely carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which may be present when a carbon surface is oxidized. These products form according to the overall reaction steps... [Pg.531]

When dealing with transformation reactions, it is important to know whether electrons have been transferred between the reactants. For evaluating the number of electrons transferred, it is convenient to examine the (formal) oxidation states of all atoms involved in the reaction. Of particular interest to us will be the oxidation state of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in a given organic molecule, since these are the elements most frequently involved in organic redox reactions. [Pg.23]

To calculate how many electrons have to be transferred to 02 or NOj respectively, when oxidizing 1 mole of toluene (C7H8) to C02, determine first the average oxidation state of the carbon atoms present in toluene (see also examples discussed in Illustrative Example 2.1). Since this compound is made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms (the oxidation state of H is +1), you can just consider the hydrogen/ carbon ratio, which yields an average carbon oxidation state of -8/7. Considering that the oxidation state of carbon in C02 is +IV, it is easy to see that a total of (4 - (-8/7)) x 7 = 36 moles of electrons have to be transferred. The overall reactions are, therefore ... [Pg.573]

Notice that one of the carbon atoms in ethanol has lost a hydrogen the compound has been oxidized from an alcohol to an aldehyde (refer again to Fig. 13-13 for the oxidation states of carbon). [Pg.513]

Relationship between Energy Release and the Oxidation State of Carbon A eukaryotic cell can use glucose (C6Hi206) and hexanoic acid (C6H1402) as fuels for cellular respiration. On the basis of their structural formulas, which substance releases more energy per gram on complete combustion to C02 and H20 ... [Pg.628]

Single-Carbon Compounds in Order of Oxidation State of Carbon... [Pg.808]

To illustrate, the oxidation state of carbon in four representative examples is determined as follows ... [Pg.407]

The Grignard reaction is often one of the first reactions encountered for the preparation of organometallic compounds. As such it provides a method for the conversion of an alkyl bromide to an alkane. From the example shown below it is seen that the overall oxidation level change from the organic reactants to the products is from 0 to —2, so a reduction has occurred. Magnesium is the reductant and is itself oxidized from 0 to +2 oxidation state. The actual reduction takes place in the first step of the process in which the C-Br bond is converted to a C-Mg-Br bond. The reaction with water is merely a hydrolysis that does not change the oxidation state of carbon. [Pg.37]

Despite the insights provided by measurements of the concentrations of DOC, DON, and DOP and their molar ratios in bulk seawater, these data alone are insufficient to calculate the mass percentage of carbon in marine DOM, the average oxidation state of carbon in marine DOM, or the degree of unsaturation of marine DOM. All such calculations require that the concentrations of organically bound H and O also be measured. Such measurements cannot be made directly on aqueous samples. [Pg.422]

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