Carbon oxidation state

To calculate how many electrons have to be transferred to 02 or NOj respectively, when oxidizing 1 mole of toluene (C7H8) to C02, determine first the average oxidation state of the carbon atoms present in toluene (see also examples discussed in Illustrative Example 2.1). Since this compound is made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms (the oxidation state of H is +1), you can just consider the hydrogen/ carbon ratio, which yields an average carbon oxidation state of -8/7. Considering that the oxidation state of carbon in C02 is +IV, it is easy to see that a total of (4 - (-8/7)) x 7 = 36 moles of electrons have to be transferred. The overall reactions are, therefore ... 

Carbon Oxidation States of Representative Organic Compounds (R = aikyl)... 

An evolution from Noyori s approach leads to one where a diethylaminomethyl substituent is used to give a one-carbon start to the a-chain. From this synthon there is much flexibility because the co- and a-chains can be added in either order, and synthesis of the single isomer synthon can start with a Sharpless epoxidation. This route is shown in Scheme 30.6.23 For completeness, we note that there is another variant of the general enone approach identified by Danishefsky, in which the C-9 and C-ll carbon oxidation states are inverted (ketone at what is to become C-ll) where the a-chain is added first as a nucleophile, and then the co-chain is added second as an electrophile.24... 

Chapter 22 continues the study of carbonyl compounds with a detailed look at nucleophilic acyl substitution, a key reaction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Substitution at sp hybridized carbon atoms was introduced in Chapter 20 with reactions involving carbon and hydrogen nucleophiles. In Chapter 22, we learn that nucleophilic acyl substitution is a general reaction that occurs with a variety of heteroatomic nucleophiles. This reaction allows the conversion of one carboxylic acid derivative into another. Every reaction in Chapter 22 that begins with a carbonyl compound involves nucleophilic substitution. Chapter 22 also discusses the properties and chemical reactions of nitriles, compounds that contain a carbon-nitrogen triple bond. Nitriles are in the same carbon oxidation state as carboxylic acids, and they undergo reactions that form related products. 

Molecular formula CAMEO NFPA rating Carbon oxidation state... 

The second characteristic of primary organic emissions is that they tend to be relatively reduced. Using the average carbon oxidation state as a measure [65], most... 

Kroll JH, Donahue NM, Jimenez JL, Kessler SH, Canagaratna MR, Wilson KR, Altieri KE, Mazzoleni LR, Wozniak AS, Bluhm H, Mysak ER, Smith JD, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR (2011) Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol. Nat Chem 3(2) 133-139. doi 10.1038/nchem.948... 

Fig. 6 Bubble diagram depicting maximum measured surface tension depression for organic surfactant species in aqueous solution (from Tables 2, 3, 4 and 7) as a function of average carbon oxidation state (OSc) in the molecule and number of carbon atoms (iic) [296]. The size of the bubble is proportional to the maximum measured departure from the surface tension of water (72 mN m ) for each species. Also shown are typical values of (OSc) and c for atmospheric organic aerosol material as classified from Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer measurements. HOA indicates hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol, BBOA is biomass buming aerosol, SV-OOA is semivolatile oxidized organic aerosol, and LV-OOA is low-volatility oxidized organic aerosol...

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