Oxidation halogenated aromatics

Specific identity of a toxic chemical to be a trade secret, the notice to your customer(s) must contain a generic chemical name that Is descriptive of the structure of that toxic chemical. For example, decabromodiphenyl oxide could be described as a halogenated aromatic. 

Gibson DT, JR Koch, CL Schuld, RE Kallio (1968) Oxidative degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by microorganisms. II. Metabolism of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Biochemistry 7 3795-3802. 

Cain RB, EK Tranter, JA Darrah (1968) The utilization of some halogenated aromatic acids by Nocardia. Oxidation and metabolism. Biochem J 106 211-227. 

Volatile decomposition products may include HCl, HBr, HCN, COCI2, nitrogen oxides (NO ), aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, and/or halogenated aromatic compounds. 

Hydrolysis, of ethyl a-(isopropylid-eneaminooxy)propionate, 48,121 of halogenated aromatic compounds in the presence of copper and cuprous oxide, 48, 96 of fl-iso valerol ac tam-N-su 1 fony 1 chloride to give /S-isovalerolactam, 46,51... 

PVDFs are not sensitive to most strong mineral and organic acids, oxidizing agents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, some halogenated solvents, alcohols, bromine, metal salt solutions, or weak bases. 

Accordingly, many reactions can be performed on the sidewalls of the CNTs, such as halogenation, hydrogenation, radical, electrophilic and nucleophilic additions, and so on [25, 37, 39, 42-44]. Exhaustively explored examples are the nitrene cycloaddition, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (with azomethinylides), radical additions using diazonium salts or radical addition of aromatic/phenyl primary amines. The aryl diazonium reduction can be performed by electrochemical means by forming a phenyl radical (by the extrusion of N2) that couples to a double bond [44]. Similarly, electrochemical oxidation of aromatic or aliphatic primary amines yields an amine radical that can be added to the double bond on the carbon surface. The direct covalent attachment of functional moieties to the sidewalls strongly enhances the solubility of the nanotubes in solvents and can also be tailored for different... 

A broad spectrum of chemical reactions can be catalyzed by enzymes Hydrolysis, esterification, isomerization, addition and elimination, alkylation and dealkylation, halogenation and dehalogenation, and oxidation and reduction. The last reactions are catalyzed by redox enzymes, which are classified as oxidoreductases and divided into four categories according to the oxidant they utilize and the reactions they catalyze 1) dehydrogenases (reductases), 2) oxidases, 3) oxygenases (mono- and dioxygenases), and 4) peroxidases. The latter enzymes have received extensive attention in the last years as bio catalysts for synthetic applications. Peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of aromatic compounds, oxidation of heteroatom compounds, epoxidation, and the enantio-selective reduction of racemic hydroperoxides. In this article, a short overview... 

The metabolism of 1,4-dichlorobenzene could involve the formation of an arene oxide intermediate, as has been proposed to occur in the oxidative metabolism of many halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (Jerina and Daly 1974). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has not been shown to be mutagenic in microbial or mammalian systems, a result that may be viewed as further suggestive evidence that an arene oxide intermediate is not involved in its metabolism. 

Among the oxidative procedures for preparing azo compounds are oxidation of aromatic amines with activated manganese dioxide oxidation of fluorinated aromatic amines with sodium hypochlorite oxidation of aromatic amines with peracids in the presence of cupric ions oxidation of hindered aliphatic amines with iodine pentafluoride oxidation of both aromatic and aliphatic hydrazine derivatives with a variety of reagents such as hydrogen peroxide, halogens or hypochlorites, mercuric oxide, A-bromosuccinimide, nitric acid, and oxides of nitrogen. 

In other studies it was shown that ozone in combination with UV radiation is capable of removing halogenated aromatic compounds and that the oxidation is faster than with ozone alone (Peyton etal., 1982 Glaze etal., 1982). The optimum ozone-UV ratio varies depending on the water and its matrix, no general guidelines can be given. However, ozone must be present in the liquid, which in the case of waste water is not always the fact. 

Other non-halogenated aromatic compounds are transformed into either catechol or protocatechuate. Then, through a series of oxidative cleavage reactions, catechol and protocatechuate are processed to yield either acetylCoA and succinate, or pyruvate and acetaldehyde. In general, aromatics composed of one, two, or three condensed rings with several types of substitutions are also transformed into catechol. See Figures 9.7a and 9.7b. 

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