Oxidation energy released

Charging mixed nitrating acid into an insufficiently cleaned glycerol drum led to a violent explosion. Formation and detonation of glyceryl nitrate may have added to the oxidation energy release. 

Biological Oxidations Energy Release in Small Increments (Reaction)... 

The required ionization energy to form carbon ions in an oxyhydrogen flame mostly results from the high carbon oxidation energy released during the combustion reaction of carbon to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The flame temperature itself is insufficient for a direct atom or molecule ionization. 

Exothermic oxidation—reduction reactions provide the energy released in both propellant burning and explosive detonation. The reactions are either internal oxidation—reductions, as in the decomposition of nitroglycerin and pentaerythritol tetranitrate, or reactions between discrete oxidizers and fuels in heterogeneous mixtures. 

When designing with oxidation-prone materials, it is obviously vital to know how fast the oxidation process is going to be. Intuitively one might expect that, the larger the energy released in the oxidation process, the faster the rate of oxidation. For example, one might expect aluminium to oxidise 2.5 times faster than iron from the energy data in Fig. 21.1. In fact, aluminium oxidises much more slowly than iron. Why should this happen ... 

Mitochondria Mitochondria are organelles surrounded by two membranes that differ markedly in their protein and lipid composition. The inner membrane and its interior volume, the matrix, contain many important enzymes of energy metabolism. Mitochondria are about the size of bacteria, 1 fim. Cells contain hundreds of mitochondria, which collectively occupy about one-fifth of the cell volume. Mitochondria are the power plants of eukaryotic cells where carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids are oxidized to CO9 and H9O. The energy released is trapped as high-energy phosphate bonds in ATR... 

The oxidation of hydrogen to water (Hj -t- i Oj -> HjO) is thermodynamically spontaneous and the energy released as a result of the chemical reaction appears as heat energy, but the decomposition of water into its elements is a non-spontaneous process and can be achieved only by supplying energy from an external source, e.g. a source of e.m.f. that decomposes the water electrolytically. Furthermore, although the heat produced by the spontaneous reaction could be converted into electrical energy, the electrical... 

The two processes are electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. NADH is reoxidised by the process of electron transport using the electron transport chain and the energy released from this process is harnessed by oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. We noted earlier that the two processes are intimately linked or coupled. Normally one cannot proceed without the other. 

The reaction Gibbs free energies are for pH = 7 but otherwise standard conditions.) What amount (in moles) of ATP could be formed if all the Gibbs free energy released in the oxidation of... 

Virtually all energy released from the oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein is made available in mitochondria as reducing equivalents (—H or e ). These are funneled into the respiratory chain, where they are passed down a redox gradient of carriers to their final reaction with oxygen to form water. 

Reactions or compounds of exceptional hazard are those involving combinations of powerful oxidants and reducing agents, in the so-called redox reactions or redox compounds. Such systems are capable of very large energy release rates, the best known examples being the propellant pairs used in rocket technology. 

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