Outranking Approaches

Criticism of the 9-point scale used in the AHP includes aspects such as its being bounded, lacking theoretical validation for the verbal equivalents used and especially the ratio scale property (cf. Belton 1986, p. 11). In practice, it can be observed that the values between 7 and 9 are only infrequently assigned because of a perceived lack of difference to the values 5 and 6. Alternative ratio scales and their performance relative to the traditional AHP scale can for example be found in Leskinen (2000) and Pohonen and Hamalainen (1998) while Schoner and Wedley (1989) suggest to use the magnitude estimation method instead. 

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Roy B. (1991) The Outranking Approach and the Foundations of ELECTRE Methods. Theory Decision, 31, 49-73. 

The first step is to determine whether a classical additive model, an outranking approach or DEA should be used. The criteria to be used for the site selection/site ranking task do not lend themselves to a clear classification into input and output parameters. Furthermore, the relatively complex mathematical procedure underlying DEA was perceived to be inappropriate for support of top management decisions that are to a large extent driven by qualitative factors. Hence, DEA was ruled out first. 

Roy B (1972) Electee III Un Algorithme de Classements fonde sur une representation floue des Preferences En Presence de Criteres Multiples. Cahiers du Centre d Etudcs de Recherche Operationelle 20 32-43 Roy B (1990) The outranking approach and the foundations of the ELECTRE methods. In Bana e Costa (Ed.) Readings in Multiple Criteria Decision Aid. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 155-183... 

Roy B (1990) The outranking approach and the foundations of the ELECTRE methods. In Bana e Costa (Ed.) Readings in Multiple Criteria Decision Aid. Springer-Verlag Berlin pp 155-183... 

MCDM methods are applied when at least two responses need to be optimized simultaneously. Different approaches can be distinguished, for example, window programming, threshold approaches, utility functions. Derringer s desirability functions, Pareto optimality methods, Electre outranking relationships, and Promethee (7). In this chapter, only the Pareto optimality methods (7, 117, 118) and Derringer s desirability functions (7, 119, 120) will be discussed. 

The five endpoint indicators are aggregated into one single score of sustainabihty by applying three approaches graphical representation, weighted sum, and outranking... 

Most MCDA methodologies, including Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and outranking, share similar steps (Steps 1 and 3), but diverge on their approach to Steps 2 and 4. A detailed analysis of the theoretical foundations of different MCDA methods and their comparative strengths and weaknesses is presented in Belton and Steward (2002). 

Tonmoy, F. El-Zein, A. 2014. Vulnerability of infrastructure to sea level rise A combined outranking and system-dynamics approach, in Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis Beyond the Horizon. CRC Press. 

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