Other Manual Application Techniques

Many other application techniques could be invented just by adapting what is done elsewhere, for instance in the printing shop, in the kitchen by the cooks, or in construction. 

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A discussion of the methods used for the calculation of piping flexibility and stress analysis are beyond the scope of this book. Manual calculation techniques, and the application of computers in piping stress analysis, are discussed in Chapter 12 of the handbook edited by Holmes (1973). Other texts which give methods for the flexibility analysis of piping systems are those by King (1967) and the M. W. Kellog Co. (1964). 

The relative fluctuations in Monte Carlo simulations are of the order of magnitude where N is the total number of molecules in the simulation. The observed error in kinetic simulations is about 1-2% when lO molecules are used. In the computer calculations described by Schaad, the grids of the technique shown here are replaced by computer memory, so the capacity of the memory is one limit on the maximum number of molecules. Other programs for stochastic simulation make use of different routes of calculation, and the number of molecules is not a limitation. Enzyme kinetics and very complex oscillatory reactions have been modeled. These simulations are valuable for establishing whether a postulated kinetic scheme is reasonable, for examining the appearance of extrema or induction periods, applicability of the steady-state approximation, and so on. Even the manual method is useful for such purposes. 

Whenever ID WIN-NMR or 2D WIN-NMR start, the appropriate application window appears on screen (see Figs. 2.5 and 2.6). This window may be minimized, maximized and resized using the standard MS-WINDOWS techniques. Access to the MS-WINDOWS system task menu is by clicking the button positioned to the left of the title bar. This menu may be used to switch to other running programs or to close one of the WIN-NMR sessions. Refer to the MS-WINDOWS manual for a detailed explanation of the individual window elements and for specific window manipulation techniques. As an example the ID WIN-NMR application window is shown. It consists of several menus, buttons and subwindows (Fig. 4.2). 

These approaches differ from fluorescence and other luminescent techniques such as phosphofluorescence in that the excitation event is caused by a chemical reaction rather than photolumination. There are a number of reviews that detail the development and applications of luminescent technology (52,53,54,55,56, 57, 58) and instrumentation (59, 60). Particularly outstanding is the recent detailed review by Stanley (61) where more than 90 luminometers (manual, automatic, microtiter plate, HPLC, LC, GLC, imaging, and others) from more than 60 sources are described. 

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