Luminescent technologies

Because of the complex and often overlapping principles behind kinase and phosphatase assays, I will review the principles of the various fluorescent and luminescent technologies. A textbook by Joseph R. Lakowitz (1999) titled Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy is recommended for detailed information on the biophysics of fluorescence. Olive (2004) and Von Ahsen and Boemer (2005) wrote good reviews on the advantages and disadvantages of various luminescent (including fluorescent) technologies for kinase assays. 

These approaches differ from fluorescence and other luminescent techniques such as phosphofluorescence in that the excitation event is caused by a chemical reaction rather than photolumination. There are a number of reviews that detail the development and applications of luminescent technology (52,53,54,55,56, 57, 58) and instrumentation (59, 60). Particularly outstanding is the recent detailed review by Stanley (61) where more than 90 luminometers (manual, automatic, microtiter plate, HPLC, LC, GLC, imaging, and others) from more than 60 sources are described. 

The conducted researches of complexing processes of noble metals on a sulfur-containing CMSG surface formed the basis for development of sorption-photometric, sorption-luminescent, soi ption-atomic-absoi ption, sorption-atomic-emission and sorption-nuclear-physic techniques of the analysis of noble metals in rocks, technological objects and environmental objects. Techniques of separation and detenuination of noble metals in various oxidation levels have been proposed in some cases. 

Electrochemical techniques have been developed into very powerful tools for research and technology. However, decades ago, researchers started to understand that even more insight could be obtained if electrochemical techniques were combined with additional spectroscopic tools. Among these it is sufficient to mention infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, luminescence techniques, electroreflection or ellipsometry. 

Luminescence science has developed into a powerful tool for studying nature in macro- and microenvironments. At present, there are many scientiflc advances being reported that incorporate fluorescence technology into the research regimen. I expect this trend to continue as the scientiflc community becomes more cognizant of the knowledge to be gained by use of luminescence techniques. 

Upconverting Phosphor Technology (SRI Inti., OraSure) Electrochemical Luminescence (IGEN)... 

Terpetschnig E, Wolfbeis OS (1998) Luminescent probes for NIR sensing applications. In Daehne S, Resch-Genger U, Wolfbeis OS (eds) Near-infrared dyes for high technology applications, NATO ASI Ser 3, vol 53. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (NL), pp 161-182... 

Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogeneous Assay (AlphaS-creen ) technology have been reported [50,51]. With an HTS methodology in hand and orthogonal assays previously developed [47-49], nonpeptide antagonists of methyl lysine binding should appear from diversity screening approaches in the near future. 

The understanding of phosphors and solid-state luminescence has matured to the point at which relatively rational design and preparation of new light-emitting materials can be achieved. This has resulted from advances in solid-state physics and optical spectroscopy coupled to the development of new chemical synthesis techniques. This has led to the rapid development of phosphors as important industrial/technological materials. Examples of the occurrence of phosphors in everyday use include ... 

As with the platelets (Section III.2), it is of technological interest to note that the same set of luminescence transitions as shown in Fig. 9 is also predominate in both reactive-ion etched (Northrop and Oehrlein, 1986 ... 

PE Stanley, R Smither, WJ Simpson. A Practical Guide to Industrial Uses of ATP-Luminescence in Rapid Microbiology. Lingfleld Cara Technology, 1997. 

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