OTHER CHLOROETHANES

1- Dichloroethane [75-34-3] CH CHCl, ethylidene chloride, ethylidene dichloride, is a colorless Hquid with an ethereal odor. It is miscible with most organic solvents and all chloriaated solvents. It is employed as a solvent, but its largest iadustrial use is as an iatermediate ia the production of 

The properties of 1,1-dichloroethane are Hsted ia Table 1. 1,1-Dichloroethane decomposes at 356—453°C by a homogeneous first-order dehydrochlofination, giving vinyl chloride and hydrogen chloride (1,2). Dehydrochlofination can also occur on activated alumina (3,4), magnesium sulfate, or potassium carbonate (5). Dehydrochlofination ia the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride (6) proceeds readily. The 48-h accelerated oxidation test with 1,1-dichloroethane at reflux temperatures gives a 0.025% yield of hydrogen chloride as compared to 0.4% HCl for trichloroethylene and 0.6% HCl for tetrachloroethylene. Reaction with an amine gives low yields of chloride ion and the dimer 2,3-dichlorobutane, CH CHCICHCICH. 2-Methyl-l,3-dioxaindan [14046-39-0] can be prepared by a reaction of catechol [120-80-9] with 1,1-dichloroethane (7). 

1- Dichloroethane is produced commercially from hydrogen chloride and vinyl chloride at 20—55°C ia the presence of an aluminum, ferric, or 2iac chloride catalyst (8,9). Selectivity is nearly stoichiometric to 1,1-dichloroethane. Small amounts of 1,1,3-tfichlorobutane may be produced. Unreacted vinyl chloride and HCl exit the top of the reactor, and can be recycled or sent to vent recovery systems. The reactor product contains the Lewis acid catalyst and must be separated before distillation. Spent catalyst may be removed from the reaction mixture by contacting with a hydrocarbon or paraffin oil, which precipitates the metal chloride catalyst iato the oil (10). Other iaert Hquids such as sdoxanes and perfluorohydrocarbons have also been used (11). 

1- Dichloroethane is also one of the iatermediate products of high temperature thermal chlorination of ethane or ethyl chloride. In ethane chlorination, the reaction proceeds through ethyl chloride as an iatermediate (12). 1,1-Dichloroethane itself is usually an iatermediate ia the productioa of viayl chloride and of 1,1,1-tfichloroethane by thermal chlorination or photochlofination (13). 

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (4th Edition) 

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Other chloroethanes, Dichlo ro ethylene s, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene,... 

Archer WL. 1979 Other chloroethanes. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3rd Ed. In John Wiley Sons, New York, NY. 5 722-742. 

There was also a dose-related trend for the incidence of hemangiosarcomas and mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats and hepatocellular carcinoma in male mice. High mortality in all animal groups obscured results. The National Cancer Institute determined that there was no conclusive evidence for carcinogenicity, but 1,1-dichloroethane should be treated with caution by analogy to other chloroethanes shown to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. ... 

CHLOROCARBONSANDCHLOROHYDROCARBONS - OTHER CHLOROETHANES] (Vol 6) [CHLOROCARBONSANDCHLOROHYDROCARBONS - RING-CHLORINATED TOLUENES] (Vol 6) [CHLOROCARBONSANDCHLOROHYDROCARBONS - RING-CHLORINATED TOLUENES] (Vol 6) [AMINES - AMINES,AROMATIC - DIAMINOTOLUENES] (Vol 2)... 

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